Chronic kidney disease acquired knowledge in a diabetic and hypertensive population using a translated and validated questionnaire

Figures & data

Figure 1. Synthetized translation process of the questionnaire.

Figure 2. Answers by each group. Correct answers: 22/24 in nephrologists with a standard deviation (SD) 1.2, 18/24 in students with a SD of 2.7, 13.8/24 in normal subjects with 3.9 SD and 13.4/24 in high risk population with 4.5 of SD.

Table 1. Demographics of population at risk.

	Number of high-risk patients (% of total, 1061)
Diagnosed with hypertension	776 (73)
Diagnosed with diabetes mellitus	298 (28)
Diagnosed with hypertension and diabetes mellitus	275 (26)
Diagnosed with chronic kidney disease	41 (4)
Renal replacement therapy (peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, renal transplant)	8 (1)

Table 2. Results of the questionnaire by group.

	n	Correct out of 24; mean (%)	SD	Median	Minimum	Maximum	Range
Nephrologist	29	21.9 (91.25)	1.205	22	19	24	5
Medical students	26	18.23 (75.96)	2.74	18	14	23	9
Non-risk population	134	13.84 (57.67)	3.96	14	3	22	19
High risk population	1061	13.4 (55.83)	4.5	14	0	24	24

SD: standard deviation.

Table 3. Questionnaire responses divided by group.

		Correct (%)
Item	Question:	Nephrologists (n = 29)	Students (n = 26)	Low-risk (n = 134)	High-risk (n = 1061)	p Value
1*	A person can lead a normal life with one healthy kidney.	100.00	96.15	91.04	83.60	<0.01
2	Herbal supplements can be effective in treating chronic kidney disease.	100.00	57.69	18.66	34.87	<0.01
3*	Certain medications can help to slow-down the worsening of chronic kidney disease.	96.55	96.15	67.16	68.71	<0.01
What functions do the kidneys perform in the body?
4*	The kidneys make urine.	100.00	92.31	62.69	62.11	<0.01
5*	The kidneys clean blood.	100.00	96.15	66.42	82.00	<0.01
6	The kidneys help to keep blood sugar level normal.	34.48	19.23	41.04	33.46	0.13
7*	The kidneys help to maintain blood pressure.	100.00	100.00	36.57	47.41	<0.01
8	The kidneys help to break down protein in the body.	51.72	61.54	41.79	24.22	<0.01
9*	The kidneys help to keep the bones healthy.	100.00	76.92	20.15	20.26	<0.01
Which of the following are commonly used to determine health of the kidneys?
10*	A blood test.	100.00	92.31	51.49	69.37	<0.01
11*	A urine test.	100.00	100.00	93.28	88.50	0.02
12	A fecal (poo) test.	96.55	92.31	65.67	67.48	<0.01
13*	Blood pressure monitoring.	72.41	80.77	23.88	33.08	<0.01
What are the risk factors for chronic kidney disease?
14*	Diabetes.	100.00	100.00	80.60	81.06	<0.01
15	Being female.	75.86	38.46	87.31	73.42	<0.01
16*	High blood pressure.	100.00	100.00	56.72	65.32	<0.01
17*	Heart problems such as heart failure or heart attack.	100.00	92.31	38.81	38.55	<0.01
18	Excess stress.	68.97	11.54	39.55	29.50	<0.01
19*	Obesity.	100.00	88.46	68.66	66.82	<0.01
What are the signs and symptoms that a person might have if they have advanced chronic kidney disease or kidney failure?
20*	Water retention. (excess water in the body)	100.00	88.46	92.54	89.26	0.18
21	Fever.	93.10	23.08	47.01	25.45	<0.01
22*	Nausea/vomiting.	100.00	73.08	40.30	38.55	<0.01
23*	Loss of appetite.	100.00	57.69	49.25	42.13	<0.01
24*	Increased fatigue (tiredness).	100.00	88.46	78.36	74.93	<0.01

The three questions with the lowest correct rate of each group are highlighted in red.