Figures & data
Table 1. Definitions related to nephrotic syndrome in children based on IPNA 2022 Guidelines [Citation2].
Figure 1. Study workflow. Created with BioRender.com. eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; IPNA: International Pediatric Nephrology Association; UPCR: urinary protein creatinine ratio; 24-h UP: 24-hour urine protein
![Figure 1. Study workflow. Created with BioRender.com. eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; IPNA: International Pediatric Nephrology Association; UPCR: urinary protein creatinine ratio; 24-h UP: 24-hour urine protein](/cms/asset/2bfc6917-848e-41b9-b467-7a8fb26b7445/irnf_a_2253324_f0001_c.jpg)
Table 2. Nephrotic syndrome patient characteristics.
Table 3. Correlation coefficients between morning spot proteinuria measurements and 24-h urine protein.
Table 4. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of morning spot proteinuria assessments to identify no remission/relapse based on IPNA 2022 Guidelines.
Table 5. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of morning spot proteinuria assessments to identify complete remission based on IPNA 2022 Guidelines.
Figure 2. The receiver operator characteristics curve showed that the optimal cutoff urinary protein creatinine ratio for no remission/relapse was 2.08 mg/mg with an AUC value of 0.93. AUC: area under the curve; CI: confidence interval; ROC: receiver operator characteristics; UPCR: urinary protein creatinine ratio
![Figure 2. The receiver operator characteristics curve showed that the optimal cutoff urinary protein creatinine ratio for no remission/relapse was 2.08 mg/mg with an AUC value of 0.93. AUC: area under the curve; CI: confidence interval; ROC: receiver operator characteristics; UPCR: urinary protein creatinine ratio](/cms/asset/c776df21-ca8a-4943-bd71-bc9a418c6d7b/irnf_a_2253324_f0002_c.jpg)
Figure 3. The receiver operator characteristics curve showed the optimal cutoff of urinary protein creatinine ratio for complete remission was 0.44 mg/mg with an AUC value of 0.83. AUC: area under the curve; CI: confidence interval; ROC: receiver operator characteristics; UPCR: urinary protein creatinine ratio
![Figure 3. The receiver operator characteristics curve showed the optimal cutoff of urinary protein creatinine ratio for complete remission was 0.44 mg/mg with an AUC value of 0.83. AUC: area under the curve; CI: confidence interval; ROC: receiver operator characteristics; UPCR: urinary protein creatinine ratio](/cms/asset/f30bbdfc-5034-4ca9-b22d-736f80f689a4/irnf_a_2253324_f0003_c.jpg)
Table 6. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of UPCR cutoff based on IPNA 2022 Guidelines and the value in our study for diagnosing complete remission.
Figure 4. The receiver operator characteristics curve showed that the manual dipstick had higher AUC value of 0.93 compared to the automated dipstick for identifying no remission/relapse, k = 0.53 (p < 0.001). AUC: area under the curve; CI: confidence interval; ROC: receiver operator characteristics
![Figure 4. The receiver operator characteristics curve showed that the manual dipstick had higher AUC value of 0.93 compared to the automated dipstick for identifying no remission/relapse, k = 0.53 (p < 0.001). AUC: area under the curve; CI: confidence interval; ROC: receiver operator characteristics](/cms/asset/5dff1ca2-9825-4431-aeb1-3699c7dde748/irnf_a_2253324_f0004_c.jpg)
Figure 5. The receiver operator characteristics curve showed that the automated dipstick had higher AUC value of 0.85 compared to the manual dipstick for identifying complete remission, k = 0.53 (p < 0.001). AUC: area under the curve; CI: confidence interval; ROC: receiver operator characteristics
![Figure 5. The receiver operator characteristics curve showed that the automated dipstick had higher AUC value of 0.85 compared to the manual dipstick for identifying complete remission, k = 0.53 (p < 0.001). AUC: area under the curve; CI: confidence interval; ROC: receiver operator characteristics](/cms/asset/c0004401-1b92-42d1-a939-1090ce84130d/irnf_a_2253324_f0005_c.jpg)
Table 7. The cutoff points of automated and manual dipstick tests with the best combination of sensitivity and specificity in predicting complete remission and no remission/relapse using IPNA 2022 Guidelines as proteinuria gold standard.
Table 8. Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome patient characteristics.
Table 9. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of morning spot proteinuria assessments to identify relapse and complete remission based on IPNA 2022 Guidelines.
Supplemental Material
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All data analyzed or generated are included in this article and the Supplementary Materials. Further inquiries regarding data can be directed to the corresponding author.