Research progress on the role of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease

Figures & data

Figure 1. EV biogenesis and contents.

Table 1. EVs As potential biomarkers for DKD diagnosis.

Origin of the EVs	Biomarker	Cargo	DKD Type	Isolation method	Reference
Urine	mRNA	CD2APmRNA	Type 2 DKD	Ultracentrifuge	[31]
		CCL21mRNA	Type 2 DKD	Ultracentrifuge	[33]
	miRNA	miR-4534 miR-516b-5p	Type 2 DKD	Exosome Isolation Kit	[32]
		miRNA-615-3p	Type 2 DKD	RNA-easy reagent	[34]
	microRNA	microRNA-145-5p microRNA-27a-3	Type 2 DKD	Ultracentrifuge	[35]
	Protein	Wilm tumor-1 protein (WT1)	Type 1 DKD	Differential centrifugation method	[37]
		Calmodulin-1 (CALM1)	Type 2 DKD	size exclusion chromatography method	[39]
Serum	miRNA	miR-99b miR122-5p miR-20a miR-486	Type 2 DKD	miRCURY LNA™ miRNA Hy3/Hy5 Power labeling kit	[40]

Abbreviations: DKD: diabetic kidney disease.

Figure 2. The mechanism of EVs in diabetic kidney disease.

Table 2. Potential therapeutic roles of EVs in DKD.

Origin of The EVs	Contents of the EVs	Target or mechanism of action of the EVs’ contents	Reference
HUC-MSCs	miR-22-3p	Inhibition of podocyte inflammation by suppressing the NIRP3 signaling pathway	[85]
ADSCs	EVs	Amelioration of oxidative stress in podocytes by activating the expression of nrf2/Keap1	[86]
BMSCs	miR-30e-5p	Reduction in renal cell pyroptosis by inhibiting NLRP3	[87]
MSCs	miR-424-5	Reversal of apoptosis and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) to reduce DKD renal fibrosis	[88]
HUC-MSCs	miR-21	Inhibition of β-cell apoptosis by alleviating hypoxia-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress, thereby improving blood glucose	[89]
Satellite cells	miR-23a/27a/26a	Improvement of renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis	[90]
Macrophages	miR-21a-5p miR-25-3	Inhibition of podocyte apoptosis by regulating the Tnpo1/ATXN3 signaling pathway	[91]
M2 macrophages	miR-93-5p	Targeting Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to reduce lipopolysaccharide-induced podocyte apoptosis	[93]

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