Association between the gut microbiota and diabetic nephropathy: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Figures & data

Figure 1. Workflow diagram for Mendelian randomization analysis.

Figure 2. Forest plot of IVW analysis results of the effect of GM on DN. CI: confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism.

Figure 3. Leave-one-out plots for the causal association between GM and DN.

Table 1. The heterogeneity of gut microbiota instrumental variables.

Bacterial taxa (exposure)	IVW			MR egger
	Q	Q_df	pval	Q	Q_df	pval
phylum.Proteobacteria	15.68	13	0.27	15.26	12	0.23
class.Gammaproteobacteria	6.60	7	0.47	4.07	6	0.67
class.Lentisphaeria	3.79	9	0.92	2.99	8	0.93
order.Bacteroidales	19.92	15	0.18	17.75	14	0.22
order.Victivallales	3.79	9	0.92	2.99	8	0.93
genus.Dialister	6.06	11	0.87	6.04	10	0.81
genus.LachnospiraceaeUCG008	3.59	11	0.98	2.86	10	0.98
genus.Terrisporobacter	8.54	5	0.13	7.98	4	0.09

Table 2. Directional horizontal pleiotropy assessed by intercept term in MR Egger regression of the association between gut microbiota and DN.

Bacterial taxa (exposure)	egger_intercept	se	pval
phylum.Proteobacteria	−0.03	0.05	0.57
class.Gammaproteobacteria	−0.11	0.07	0.16
class.Lentisphaeria	−0.06	0.07	0.40
order.Bacteroidales	0.05	0.04	0.21
order.Victivallales	−0.06	0.07	0.40
genus.Dialister	0.01	0.07	0.89
genus.LachnospiraceaeUCG008	0.07	0.09	0.41
genus.Terrisporobacter	−0.05	0.08	0.62

Data availability statement

The source of the GM data is the MiBioGen consortium (https://mibiogen.gcc.rug.nl/) and the source of the diabetic nephropathy data is the IEU public database (https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/).