Dysbiosis and Staphylococcus species over representation in the exit site skin microbiota of hemodialysis patients carrying tunneled cuffed central venous catheter

Figures & data

Table 1. Baseline and follow up data of enrolled patients.

Num	Baseline indices									Follow up data
	Primary disease	DM	Gender	Age (year)	Height (cm)	BW (kg)	Dialysis duration (month)	catheter duration (month)	Time to last hospitalization (month)	Survival (month)	death reason	Viral infection	Blood culture	Sputum culture
1	DKD	+	Female	70	158	62.4	42.1	38.1	39.8	>15		Covid-19
2	DKD	+	Male	69	165	69.9	29.2	29.2	6.1	>15		Covid-19	Corynebacterium afermentans	Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
3	HN	−	Male	80	168	80.3	28.1	25.1	25.6	3	Cardiogenic shock
4	CGN	−	Male	84	176	88	112.0	9.4	111.0	13	Appendicitis and infectious shock
5	ADPKD	−	Male	57	180	72.3	96.0	9.0	7.6	>15		Covid-19
6	HN	−	Female	89	150	71	15.8	8.9	14.2	6	Respiratory failure	Covid-19
7	DKD	+	Male	74	173	84.2	28.5	28.5	28.2	<1	Sudden death
8	DKD	+	Male	70	170	69.7	18.6	17.0	3.4	5	Sudden death	Covid-19
9	MDS,NS	−	Male	66	175	72.8	19.0	16.0	3.0	>15
10	DKD	+	Male	79	168	67.4	16.1	16.1	15.0	12	Sepsis and respiratory failure		Staphylococcus epidermidis	Acinetobacter pittii, Klebsielia oxytoca, Acinetobacter baumannii

Note: DM: diabetes mellitus; DKD: diabetic kidney disease; HN: hypertensive nephropathy; CGN: Crescentic glomerulonephritis; ADPKD: autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease; MDS: myelodysplastic syndrome.

Figure 1. Alpha diversity of the skin microbiota. The Shannon_e (A), Chao1 (B), Jost (C), equitability (D), and richness (E) indexes were compared between the peri-catheter and the contralateral control sites. Paired Wilcoxon tests were conducted, and the p values are labeled in each plot.

Figure 2. The beta diversity of skin microbiota. NMDS analysis was performed based on Bray distance. The 2-D coordinates were plotted with polygons indicating the groups (A) or with lines connecting paired samples from the same patients (B).

Figure 3. The abundance of the major phyla in the skin microbiota. The phyla Firmicutes (A), Actinobacteria (B), Proteobacteria (C), Acidobacteria (D), and Bacteroidetes (E) were compared between the peri-catheter and the contralateral control sites. Paired Wilcoxon tests were conducted, and the p values are labeled in each plot.

Figure 4. The LEfSe Analysis of the skin microbiota. Biomarkers with LDA score absolute values greater than 3 were plotted as bars (a). The abundance of Staphylococcus (B), Zotu1 (C), Cutibacterium (D), and Streptococcus (E) were compared between the peri-catheter and the contralateral control sites. Paired Wilcoxon tests were conducted, and the p values are labeled in each plot (B ∼ E).

Figure 5. The network analysis involving the skin microbiota and environmental factors. The 50 most abundant ZOTUs are represented in light blue circles, with their diameters proportional to the square roots of the mean abundance in all involved samples. The environmental factors are plotted in red triangles. Solid lines represent positive correlations, and dashed lines represent negative correlations.

Data availability statement

The sequencing data generated for this study can be found in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database, with the accession code PRJNA1061650. The sequence data is publicly available.