Figure 9. Genyornis newtoni rostrum, specimen SAMA P59521, and comparison of palatine and jugal arch morphology: A. Ventral/Palatal view image and annotated outline; B. Dorsal view image and annotated outline; C. Caudal view image and annotated outline; D. Hypothetical reconstruction of the palatines of Genyornis newtoni (pale orange), pars lateralis palatini (dark orange), and the jugal arch (brown) from specimen SAMA P59521; E. the galliform condition, Ortalis canicollis (see Zusi and Livezey Citation2006: fig. 7A); F. the anseriform condition, Anser albifrons (see Zelenkov and Stidham Citation2018: fig. 2A). Annotations: ang., angulus tomialis; bulb., bulbous regions largely associated with each palatine including complete synostosis with the processus maxillopalatinus of the maxillare, the processus rostralis of the palatines, and the processus palatinus of the praemaxillary; ca., casque; cho.na., choana nasalis ossea; cr., craniorostral hinge; cr.tom., crista tomialis; cul., culmen; fen.pal., fenestrae palatina; fos.cho., fossa choanalis palatini; fov., foveae corpusculorum nervosorum; lac. – lacrimal; iam.d. – lamella dorsalis, pars choanalis palatini; margo.lat., margo lateralis palatini; os.pal., ossa palatina; pal., palatum osseum; pons.mj. – pons maxillaro-jugalis; pr.cho. – processus choanalis palatini; pr.jug., processus jugalis of the maxillare; pr.max., processus maxillopalatinus; sep.na., septum nasale osseum; sn.pl., supranarial plate (of processus maxillopalatinus); sul.para., sulcus paratomialis and associated depression; sut.Vm., sutura vomeromaxillaris; vom., vomer. Scale bars: 20 mm, D.-F. not to scale. Dark grey shading indicates regions where damage precludes morphological assessment, light grey indicates sulci, fenestrae, foveae, and aperturae, dotted lines follow the rostral continuation of the sulcus paratomialis, and the white arrows in B and C indicate the lateral articular ‘condyles’ (internal processes of the nasolacrimals, sensu Murray and Vickers-Rich Citation2004).