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Coastal Management Volume 44, 2016 - Issue 6
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Articles

Ballast Water Risk Indication for the North Sea

Ruurd van der MeerIVEM Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, ESRIG, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands;MIWB Dutch Maritime University of Applied Sciences, NHL University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
,
M. Karin de BoerBeta Science Shop, Science and Society Group, ESRIG, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands;Ocean Ecosystems, ESRIG, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
,
Viola LiebichNIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, Texel, the Netherlands
,
Cato ten HallersCato Marine Ecosystems, Kantens, the Netherlands
,
Marcel VeldhuisMEA-NL Marine Eco-Analytics, Den Oever, the Netherlands
&
Karin ReeBeta Science Shop, Science and Society Group, ESRIG, University of Groningen, Groningen, the NetherlandsCorrespondence[email protected]
Pages 547-568 | Published online: 04 Nov 2016

Figures & data

Table 1. Location and salinity of the major North Sea ports (AAPA World Port Rankings Citation2010).

Figure 1. An overview of the North Sea bathymetry, northwestern Europe (from ICONA Citation1992). The dark dots are the major North Sea ports. The numbers correspond to the numbers in Table 1.

Figure 1. An overview of the North Sea bathymetry, northwestern Europe (from ICONA Citation1992). The dark dots are the major North Sea ports. The numbers correspond to the numbers in Table 1.

Table 2. Sailing times in hours between the major ports in the North Sea, based on a speed-over-ground of 10 knots.

Figure 2. The salinity of the North Sea during August (from Van Aaken Citation1990). The numbered dots with lines show the boundary of the salinity (psu). The dark dots are the major North Sea ports. The numbers correspond to the numbers in Table 1.

Figure 2. The salinity of the North Sea during August (from Van Aaken Citation1990). The numbered dots with lines show the boundary of the salinity (psu). The dark dots are the major North Sea ports. The numbers correspond to the numbers in Table 1.

Figure 3. Attitude of ship companies toward ballast water management (BWM) exemptions in the North Sea area (NS). Thirteen companies responded to the questionnaire; twelve of these companies have ships that frequently take in ballast water (Appendix A). BW, ballast water; BWMC, Ballast Water Management Convention.

Figure 3. Attitude of ship companies toward ballast water management (BWM) exemptions in the North Sea area (NS). Thirteen companies responded to the questionnaire; twelve of these companies have ships that frequently take in ballast water (Appendix A). BW, ballast water; BWMC, Ballast Water Management Convention.

Figure 4. The counterclockwise residual current in the North Sea (black) and the deep water flow from the Atlantic Ocean (gray) (Turrell Citation1992). The arrow width indicates the magnitude of volume transport. The dark dots are the major North Sea ports. The numbers correspond to the numbers in Table 1.

Figure 4. The counterclockwise residual current in the North Sea (black) and the deep water flow from the Atlantic Ocean (gray) (Turrell Citation1992). The arrow width indicates the magnitude of volume transport. The dark dots are the major North Sea ports. The numbers correspond to the numbers in Table 1.

Figure 5. The different benthic habitats in the North Sea. The benthic habitats are determined by the bathymetry, the residual current (see and ), and the sediment particle size of the North Sea (Eisma 1991; Paramor et al. Citation2009). The habitats are checked vis-à-vis the distribution patterns of different benthic organisms (Rees et al. Citation2007; ICES Citation2008). The variation in gray scale indicates the proposed benthic zones. The dark dots are the major North Sea ports. The numbers correspond to the numbers in Table 1.

Figure 5. The different benthic habitats in the North Sea. The benthic habitats are determined by the bathymetry, the residual current (see Figures 1 and 2), and the sediment particle size of the North Sea (Eisma 1991; Paramor et al. Citation2009). The habitats are checked vis-à-vis the distribution patterns of different benthic organisms (Rees et al. Citation2007; ICES Citation2008). The variation in gray scale indicates the proposed benthic zones. The dark dots are the major North Sea ports. The numbers correspond to the numbers in Table 1.

Figure 6. Major shipping links of the Global Network of Shipping projected on the North Sea area (from ESA Citation2009). Line thickness indicates the shipping density between the different nodes of the network. The dark dots are the major North Sea ports. The numbers correspond to the numbers in Table 1.

Figure 6. Major shipping links of the Global Network of Shipping projected on the North Sea area (from ESA Citation2009). Line thickness indicates the shipping density between the different nodes of the network. The dark dots are the major North Sea ports. The numbers correspond to the numbers in Table 1.

Table 3. The range of water salinities in which various groups of organisms are able to survive and to establish (Boesch Citation1977).

Appendix A. Overview of the result of the questionnaire on ballast water use and management.

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