Comparative study of biofilm formation on biocidal antifouling and fouling-release coatings using next-generation DNA sequencing

Abstract

The bacterial and eukaryotic communities forming biofilms on six different antifouling coatings, three biocidal and three fouling-release, on boards statically submerged in a marine environment were studied using next-generation sequencing. Sequenced amplicons of bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA and eukaryotic ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer were assigned taxonomy by comparison to reference databases and relative abundances were calculated. Differences in species composition, bacterial and eukaryotic, and relative abundance were observed between the biofilms on the various coatings; the main difference was between coating type, biocidal compared to fouling-release. Species composition and relative abundance also changed through time. Thus, it was possible to group replicate samples by coating and time point, indicating that there are fundamental and reproducible differences in biofilms assemblages. The routine use of next-generation sequencing to assess biofilm formation will allow evaluation of the efficacy of various commercial coatings and the identification of targets for novel formulations.

Keywords:

• Biofilms
• biocidal antifouling
• fouling-release
• 16S
• ITS
• next-generation sequencing

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Jane Coghill and Christy Waterfall of the Bristol Genomics Facility for carrying out the sequencing underpinning this study.