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Abstract
Discouraging messages are those that recipients interpret as intended to dishearten. There are two studies in this report. The first study explores estimates of the frequency and perceptions about discouraging messages. The second study is a cluster analysis of discouraging messages as elicited from individuals who are normally highly motivated and achievement oriented. The resulting structure revealed six clusters ranging from attacks on character to negative forecasts about potential success.
Notes
∗Did not clearly fit a subcluster
Kellermann, Reynolds and Chen (Citation1991) use the term “conversational retreat” to refer to unilateral conversational endings where one conversational participant withdraws from a conversation when the other participant presumably desires to continue the conversation.