A Narrative Review of Nutritional Therapy for Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients Underwent Surgery

Figures & data

Table 1. Effectiveness of parenteral fish oil on gastrointestinal cancer patients.

Reference	Disease	Sample	Dose of fish oil	Time point	outcome
Ma, C.-J., et al. [66]	Gastric (26) and colorectal (73) cancer	99	0.08–0.15 g/kg BW/day	day −1 up to postoperative day 7	Net decrease of free fatty acids was significantly greater in the study group, while the net increase of triglycerides and decrease of high-density lipoprotein were remarkably lower. The two groups did not differ notably in terms of pro-inflammatory markers, other laboratory parameters, or adverse events.
Wei, Z., et al. [67]	Gastric cancer	46	0.2 g/kg BW/day	6 days postoperative	The levels of inflammatory markers and rate of complication were significantly decreased in the intervention group. No significant difference between the two groups in terms of nutritional status, liver function, or renal function.
de Miranda Torrinhas, R. S. M., et al. [68]	Stomach (38) and Colon (25) cancer	63	0.2 g/kg BW/day	3 days preoperative	Significant increase in IL-10 levels on day 3, decrease in IL-6 and IL-10 levels on day 6, lower decrease in leukocyte oxidative burst, maintenance of HLA-DR and CD32-expressing monocyte percentage, increase in CD32 neutrophil expression in the experiment group. No difference in the length of ICU and hospital stay or frequency of post-operative infections.
Makay, O., et al. [69]	Gastric cancer	26	0.2 g/kg BW/day	5 days postoperative	No statistically significant differences in serum lactate levels, other biochemical parameters, length of hospital stay, complications, or mortality.
Jiang, Z. M., et al. [70]	Colonic (64) and other gastrointestinal (79) cancer	203	0.2 g/kg BW/day	7 days postoperative	Significantly reduction SIRS and length of hospital stay, and a more normalization of CD4^+/CD8^+ in the treatment group.
Liang, B., et al. [71]	Colorectal cancer	42	0.2 g/kg BW/day	7 days postoperative	Significantly depression in serum IL-6 levels and increasing in the ratios of CD4^+/CD8^+ in the study group. No statistically significant difference in mortality or the occurrence of infectious complications.
Wang, D., et al. [72]	Gastric cancer	47	0.2 g/kg BW/day	5 days postoperative	Significantly depression in TNF-α, CRP, IL-1, IL-6 levels and SIRS rate, increasing in IL-10 and nutrition proteins levels, shorter bowel sound recovery time and earlier passage of flatus in experiment group. No statistically significant difference in occurrence of complications.
Wang, J., et al. [73]	Gastric (22) and colonic cancer (29)	63	Not clear	5 days postoperative	Significantly increasing in LB5/ LB4 and significant decreases in TNF-α, IL-6, and nuclear factor-kB in the study group. There were no differences in the distribution of the T-cell subpopulation and the changes of VEGF, CRP, IL-10, IL-8, IL-1 between the two groups.
Ma, C. J., et al. [74]	Gastric (4) and colonic cancer (29) and other gastrointestinal tumors (7)	40	Not clear	5 days postoperative	Significantly decrease in postoperative low-density lipoprotein levels in the study group. The two groups did not differ in terms of laboratory parameters, metabolic parameters, proinflammatory cytokine levels, clinical outcomes, or adverse events.
Xu, L. N., et al. [75]	Gastric Cancer	70	10g/day	14 days postoperative	Average NK cell activity was noticeably higher and TNF-α gene promoter methylation rates were lower in the ω-3 group. No appreciable variations in the serum levels of TNF-α, albumin, prealbumin, or in the number of NK cells between the two groups.
Yang, J., et al. [76]	Gastric Cancer	120	0.2 g/kg BW/day	5 days postoperative	Significantly increased in the immune parameters and nutritional parameters and lower inflammatory indicators, lower rate of postoperative complications, shorter time to first aerofluxus and defecation of the n-3 PUFAs group. No differences in the 30-day unplanned readmission rate, postoperative hospital stay, or need for further operation between the two groups.

Figure 1. Conclusion of nutritional therapy process and methods.

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