Marketing Efficiency among Gender-Based Decision-Making Farm Households in Southern Ethiopia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of the area under study (Dawuro zone) in southern Ethiopia Source: Author's sketch by using GPS data (2018).

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of socio-demographic characteristics of the households.

					Test statistics
Descriptions	Pooled [1]	Male [2]	Female [3]	Joint [4]	Difference [2] – [3]	Difference [2] – [4]	Difference [3] – [4]
Female headed household	0.27	0.05	0.72	0.23	−0.67***	−0.18***	0.49***
Male headed household	0.73	0.57	0.02	0.41	0.55***	0.16***	−0.39***
Size of household	6.18	6.29	6.24	6.00	0.05	0.29	0.24
Age of household head in years	42.60	42.40	41.20	43.50	1.20	−1.10	−2.30**
Education level of household head in years	3.43	3.10	3.63	3.02	−0.53	0.08	0.61
Access to credit service	0.38	0.36	0.35	0.33	0.01	0.03	0.02
Access to market information	0.71	0.70	0.67	0.75	0.03	−0.05	−0.08
Maize productivity (ton/ha)	2.44	2.69	2.24	2.18	0.45***	0.51***	0.06
Maize varieties used
Improved	0.65	0.68	0.63	0.65	0.05	0.03	−0.02
Local	0.35	0.32	0.37	0.35	−0.05	−0.03	0.02
Number of observations	560	240	118	202

Source: Survey result (2018). *** and ** denote levels of significance at 1% and 5%, respectively.

Table 2. Proportion of maize moved through different channels by the gender of household decision-makers.

Particularizes	Whole sample				Male				Female				Joint
Channels	I	II	III	IV	I	II	III	IV	I	II	III	IV	I	II	III	IV
Presentage (%)	22.85	18.70	17.45	41	10.72	17.22	26.75	45.31	32.65	24.22	20.13	23.00	28.00	21.40	13.95	36.65
Rank (I1)	2nd	3rd	4th	1st	4th	3rd	2nd	1st	1st	2nd	4th	3rd	2nd	3rd	4th	1st
Difference between channels	18.15**	22.30**	23.55***	−	34.59***	28.09**	18.56**	−	−	8.43*	12.52***	9.65**	8.65*	15.25**	22.70***	−
Difference between channels by gender (male vs. female)	−	−	−	−	21.93***	7.00**	−6.62*	−22.31***	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−
Male vs. joint	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−17.28***	−4.18*	12.80***	8.66**
Female vs. joint	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	4.65*	2.82	6.18**	−13.65***	−	−	−	−

Source: Survey result (2018). ***, ** and * denote levels of significance at 1, 5, and 10%, respectively. Difference between channels show the differences between the first ranked channel and other channels (e.g. 2nd 3rd and 4th ranked channels).

Table 3. Producers’ share in market price, total marketing costs, and gross margins by the gender of decision-makers in different channels (ETB/100 kg).

Particularizes	Whole sample				Male				Female				Joint
Channels	I	II	III	IV	I	II	III	IV	I	II	III	IV	I	II	III	IV
Producer price	782.25	780.52	755.7	745.57	802.97	815.12	776.9	768.92	720.4	732	690	687.12	820	835	787.40	777.42
Market price	782.25	987.84	1158	1271.28	802.97	987.84	1158	1271.3	720.4	987.84	1158.06	1271.3	820	987.84	1158.06	1271.3
Producer share (%)	100	79.01	65.26	58.64	100	82.51	67.09	60.48	100	74.10	59.58	54.05	100	84.52	68	61.15
Rank (I2)	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	1st	2nd	3rd	4th
Marketing costs of producer	36.14	35.10	25.00	14.21	35.29	34.25	24.70	14.21	41.37	41.37	26.00	18.20	34.44	32.70	24.00	13.50
Marketing costs of middlemen	0	50.00	92.30	173.52	0	50.00	92.30	173.52	0	48.96	92.77	169.67	0	50.70	92.34	173.61
Total marketing cost	36.14	85.10	117.3	187.73	35.29	84.25	117	187.84	41.37	90.33	118.77	187.87	34.44	83.4	116.34	187.11
Rank (I3)	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	1st	2nd	3rd	4th
Gross Margin of middlemen	0	207.32	402.36	525.71	0	172.72	381.14	502.36	0	255.84	486.06	584.16	0	152.84	370.66	493.58
Net margin of middlemen	0	157.32	310.06	352.19	0	122.72	288.84	328.84	0	206.88	393.29	414.49	0	102.14	278.32	319.97
Rank (I4)	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	1st	2nd	3rd	4th

Source: Author’s computation from the survey results (2018). All values in the table are indicated in BIRR (Ethiopian currency).

Table 4. Monthly price deviation (between maximum and minimum) in different marketing channels (ETB/100 kg).

Month	Whole sample				Male				Female				Joint
	I	II	III	IV	I	II	III	IV	I	II	III	IV	I	II	III	IV
Sep	67	50	95	100	40	71	101	94	55	81	97	52	13	82	32	114
Oct	53	78	60	120	72	42	89	123	61	79	114	98	32	57	60	75
Nov	67	60	75	150	23	19	47	56	36	81	85	57	45	80	23	67
Dec	45	120	87	170	65	38	110	97	142	182	148	110	120	96	92	110
Jan	57	98	150	235	110	79	107	100	100	113	124	62	53	114	100	132
Feb	102	112	147	275	150	100	100	150	91	120	56	200	120	150	98	175
Mar	97	100	168	240	175	143	120	133	78	157	185	210	130	123	215	230
Apr	103	114	202	250	143	117	202	178	100	150	170	190	82	147	135	200
May	115	120	215	170	250	213	145	289	55	115	118	200	100	117	205	234
Jun	150	142	153	140	234	123	210	312	87	130	120	100	120	101	145	235
Jul	177	158	147	200	162	100	119	230	135	160	140	250	40	152	132	153
Aug	162	116	82	139	124	65	104	142	112	124	59	241	111	63	83	99
Total	1195	1268	1581	2189	1548	1110	1454	1904	1052	1492	1416	1770	966	1282	1320	1824
$\frac{\sum d}{N}$	99.58	105.67	131.75	182.41	129	92.5	121.17	158.67	87.67	124.33	118	147.5	80.5	106.83	110	152
Rank (I5)	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	3rd	1st	2nd	4th	1st	3rd	2nd	4th	1st	2nd	3rd	4th

Source: Author’s computation from survey data (2018).

Table 5. Seasonal price variability for the four marketing channels by the gender of household decision-makers (ETB/100 kg).

		All				Male				Female				Joint
	Channels	I	II	III	IV	I	II	III	IV	I	II	III	IV	I	II	III	IV
Lean Season
Sep	Wt (Pt-P)^2	815.94	2475.41	3199.68	16398.4	2273.77	947.30	3013.97	8801.1	881.50	3413.8	15625	10187.5	2743.95	994.16	4255.20	16412.92
Oct		7128.00	11027.3	4225.74	21656.9	10312.5	7368.63	3917.80	13562	12976.54	12594.72	17956	11707.31	6952.27	7573.92	4455.78	17186.58
Nov		1795.49	3682.72	1915.80	9818.5	2293.57	1107.08	355.99	1232.3	1985.32	6472.28	12642.75	8243.07	2168.49	2550.66	2296.81	8859.13
Dec		1069.09	2343.78	1250.00	6406.25	667.20	896.70	1300.00	4500.0	276.10	240.43	5041	3286.73	99.27	217.41	1774.50	6844.50
Ʃ Wt(Pt-P)^2		10808.5	19529.2	10591.22	54280.1	15547.04	10319.72	8587.77	28095.0	16119.47	22721.23	51264.75	33424.62	11960.0	11336.16	12782.29	49303.13
Number of lean months		4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4	4
Ʃ Wt(Pt-P)^2/4		2702.13	4882.29	2647.80	13570	13570	2579.93	2146.94	7023.8	4029.86	5680.30	12816.19	8356.15	2991	2834.04	3195.57	12325.78
SD of lean season		51.98	69.87	51.45	116.49	116.49	50.79	46.33	83.80	63.48	75.36	113.20	91.41	54.69	53.23	56.53	111.02
Rank (I6) lean season		2nd	3rd	1st	4th	4th	2nd	1st	4th	1st	2nd	4th	3rd	2nd	1st	3rd	4th
Peak season
Apr	Wt(Pt-P)^2	1213.5	1045.04	38.64963	198.079	412.5	980.22	86.60029	28095	2549.741	546.208	223.5025	145.7236	1351.353	327.015	34.02	131.22
May		2279.9	1545.41	84.03265	430.667	815.445	1639.761	351.52	4	5154.69	789.0625	2.25	1.467	3148.475	998.2578	0.25	0.98
June		5082.9	5052.96	539.4956	2764.91	3345.83	7369.5	1228.219	7023.8	12149.05	2680.75	1160.084	756.3745	6187.5	6140.615	1916.74	7393.15
Jul		8800	7368.42	776.18	3977.92	6082.56	10622.49	1516.32	83.80	19438.68	3848.003	930.25	606.523	9750.645	6360.56	1774.5	6844.5
Aug		3812.4	4680.36	605.7984	3104.72	2788.5	5737.5	1352.52	4^th	5369.83	1442.331	256	166.912	5545.1	3689.615	443.62	1711.12
Ʃ (Wt (Pt-P)^2)		21188	19692.2	2044.156	10476.3	10476.3	26349.47	4535.179	15699	44661.99	9306.354	2572.086	1677	25983.07	17516.06	4169.14	16080.9
Number of peak months		5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5
Ʃ Wt(Pt-P)^2/5		4237.74	3938.44	408.8313	2095.26	2688.97	5269.894	907.0359	3139.7	8932.399	1861.271	514.4172	335.4	5196.615	3503.21	833.83	3216.2
SD of peak season		65.1	62.75	20.22	45.77	51.85	72.59	30.11	56.03	94.51	43.14	22.68	18.32	72.08	59.18	28.87	56.71
Rank (I6) peak season		4^th	3^rd	1^st	2^nd	2^nd	4^th	1^st	3^rd	4^th	3^rd	2^nd	1^st	4^th	3^rd	1^st	2^nd
Sum of two season SD		117.08	132.63	71.67	132.26	114.20	123.38	76.45	139.84	157.99	118.51	135.88	109.72	126.77	112.42	85.40	167.73
Rank (I6) two seasons		2	3	1	4	2	3	1	4	4	2	3	1	3	2	1	4

Source: Author’s computation from survey data (2018).

Table 6. Overall efficiency of different marketing channels.

Performance Indicators	Whole sample				Male				Female				Joint
	Channels				Channels				Channels				Channels
	I	II	III	IV	I	II	III	IV	I	II	III	IV	I	II	III	IV
Product move (I1)	2	3	4	1	4	3	2	1	1	2	4	3	2	3	4	1
Producer share (I2)	1	2	3	4	1	2	3	4	1	2	3	4	1	2	3	4
Marketing cost (I3)	1	2	3	4	1	2	3	4	1	2	3	4	1	2	3	4
Marketing margin (I4)	1	2	3	4	1	2	3	4	1	2	3	4	1	2	3	4
Price deviation (I5)	1	2	3	4	3	1	2	4	1	3	2	4	1	2	3	4
Seasonal price (I6)	2	3	1	4	2	3	1	4	4	2	3	1	3	2	1	4
Composite index	1.33	2.33	2.83	3.50	2.00	2.17	2.33	3.50	1.50	2.17	3.00	3.33	1.50	2.17	2.83	3.50
Final ranking	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	1st	2nd	3rd	4th

Source: Author’s computation from survey data (2018).

Table A1. Questionnaires used to cluster households into male, female and joint decision-making groups. Household decision-making and labor division for maize production, consumption and marketing in 2018.

	Questions	Responses
		Men	Women	Both
1	Who in the household owns maize farmland?
2	Who in the household owns farm equipment?
3	Who in the household owns the crop produce?
4	Who in the household makes decisions on maize to plant?
5	Who in the household controls maize farmland?
6	Who in the household makes decisions on fertilizer use?
7	Who in the household makes decisions on improved maize seed to use?
8	Who in the household prepares land for maize production?
9	Who in the household plants maize on the farmland?
10	Who in the household weed maize farm?
11	Who in the household harvests maize?
12	Who in the household collects the harvested maize to store?
13	Who in the household made the decision on amount of maize to consume at home?
14	Who in the household made the decision to sell the maize?
15	Who in the household decides when to sell?
16	Who in the household decides when or time of selling?
17	Who in the household transports the produce to the market?
18	Who in the household sells maize in the market?
19	Who in the household makes decisions to choose buyers?
20	Who in the household makes decision on the use of money obtained from maize sale?