Unravelling the numerical and spatial underpinnings of computational thinking: a pre-registered replication study

Figures & data

Figure 1. Distribution of computational thinking test (CTt) scores.

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of Computational Thinking test (CTt) scores.

	Mean	SD	Min	Max	Skewness	Kurtosis
CTt scores^a	19.30	4.60	6	27	−0.67	0.19
Figural reasoning^b	0.01	1.39	−4.33	4.10	0.82	0.12
Mental arithmetic^b	0.60	1.71	−3.73	5.14	−0.06	−0.09
Visualization^b	−0.93	1.06	−5.04	1.71	−0.34	1.02
Numerical reasoning^b	−0.17	2.03	−6.31	4.41	−0.56	0.90
Algebraic skills^b	−1.83	1.48	−5.97	2.77	0.90	0.13
Mental rotation^b	−1.51	1.02	−4.72	1.88	0.00	0.86
Visuo-spatial STM^a	15.77	5.52	1	30	−0.37	−0.15

STM: Short-term memory.

^aNumber of correct responses.

^bPerson parameters.

Table 2. Correlations between study variables.

Variable	1.	2.	3.	4.	5.	6.	7.	8.
1. Computational Thinking		.47**	.33**	.48**	.38**	.42**	.24**	.22*
2. Figural reasoning			.22**	.33**	.54**	.35**	.12	.22*
3. Mental arithmetic				.19*	.24**	.45**	.12	.13
4. Visualization					.20*	.31**	.42**	.14
5. Numerical reasoning						.33**	.15	.15
6. Algebraic skills							.30**	.17*
7. Mental rotation								.09
8. Visuo-spatial short-term memory

*p < .05; **p < .01; *** p < .001.

Table 3. Hierarchical linear regression analysis predicting CT by gender, numerical and figural reasoning, mental arithmetic, algebraic skills, visualization, mental rotation, and visuo-spatial short-term memory.

	β	sr	p
Model 1: Gender
Gender	.22	.22	.014
Model Fit: F(1,130) = 6.27, p = .014, adj. R^2 = .04
Model 2: Cognitive predictors
Gender	.15	.14	.049
Figural reasoning	.20	.16	.020
Mental arithmetic	.07	.06	.358
Visualization	.30	.26	< .001
Numerical reasoning	.10	.09	.210
Algebraic skills	.19	.15	.028
Mental rotation	−.02	−.02	.756
Visuo-spatial short-term memory	.08	.08	.251
Model Fit: F(7,123) = 11.62, p = .001, adj. R^2 = .39

Data availability statement

Data is publicly available on the Open Science Framework and can be accessed at https://osf.io/3c9mw