Turfgrass species and varieties for Integrated Pest Management of Scandinavian putting greens

Figures & data

Table I. Species and varieties tested in green trials 2007–2010. C = Control variety.

Velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina)	Colonial bentgrass (Agrostis capillaris)	Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera)	Slender creeping red fescue (F. rubra ssp. litoralis)	Chewings fescue (F. rubra ssp. commutata)	Rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis)	Perennal ryegrass (Lolium perenne)
Villa (C)	Jorvik (C)	Independence (C)	Cezanne (C)	Center (C)
Legendary	Leirin (C)	Alpha	Amarone	Barswing	Quasar	Cardin
Vesper	AberRoyal	Bengal	Corrida	Charme	Race Horse	DP179974
	Greenspeed	CY-2	Finesto	Excellence		Ligala
	LøEk0015	Declaration	Niola	Greensleeves		Madrid
		L-93	Viktorka	LøRc 0021		Mascot
		MacKenzie		LøRc 0215
		Runner		Margret
		Sandhill		Musica
				SW RSC6028
				SW RSC6101

Figure 1.  Map of the five Nordic countries showing the two major climatic zones and the experimental sites Landvik, Apelsvoll and Korpa. The trial at Östra Ljungby was discontinued in 2008.

Table II. Mean monthly temperature during the experimental period July 2007 – Oct. 2010 as compared with 30-year normal values (1961–90) at Landvik (southern climatic zone) and Apelsvoll and Korpa (northern climatic zone).

	Landvik					Apelsvoll					Korpa
	−07	−08	−09	−10	30 yr	−07	−08	−09	−10	30 yr	−07	−08	−09	−10	30 yr
Jan.		2.8	0.9	−5.4	−1.6		−1.5	−4.3	−11.3	−7.4		−0.7	1.5	1.0	−0.5
Feb.		4.3	−2.2	−6.0	−1.9		−0.4	−8.5	−10.2	−7.0		−1.0	−0.8	−0.6	0.4
Mar.		2.3	2.7	1.2	1.0		−1.2	−0.8	−2.0	−2.5		0.2	−0.1	2.8	0.5
Apr.		6.0	7.9	6.2	5.1		4.6	6.0	3.5	2.3		3.8	5.0	2.5	2.9
May		11.9	11.3	10.5	10.4		10.2	10.6	8.8	9.0		8.9	7.6	8.1	6.3
Jun.		14.7	14.9	15.1	14.7		14.1	13.6	13.6	13.7		11.1	10.2	11.8	9.0
Jul.	15.5	17.3	16.8	17.0	16.2	14.8	16.7	15.3	16.3	14.8	13.5	12.8	12.8	13.3	10.6
Aug.	16.2	15.6	15.9	16.0	15.4	14.7	13.6	14.3	14.3	13.5	11.0	11.5	11.5	12.0	10.3
Sep.	12.0	11.6	13.0	11.7	11.8	9.3	9.3	11.5	9.2	9.1	7.6	9.7	8.1	9.9	7.4
Oct.	7.7	7.9	6.1	6.9	7.9	5.1	5.7	2.5	4.1	4.6	5.6	2.1	4.5		4.4
Nov.	3.6	3.7	5.3		3.2	−0.3	0.0	1.5		−1.3	2.3	2.3	2.4		1.1
Dec.	0.9	0.5	−1.7		0.2	−4.1	−4.4	−6.4		−5.3	0.6	0.5	−0.5		−0.2
Year		8.2	7.6		6.9		5.6	4.6		3.6		5.1	5.2		4.4

Table III. Comparison of species.

	Visual merit (1–9)	Tiller den-sity (1–9)	Leaf fine-ness (1–9)	In-season colour (1–9)	Winter colour (1–9)	% living turf cover	% in-season disease	% winter damage	% turf cover after 3 weeks	Daily height growth, mm	Mat thick-ness, mm	% moss after 3 yr
Southern zone: Landvik
Velvet bentgrass	5.9	7.4	7.6	5.8	5.8	94	3	15	87	0.5	25	0
Creeping bentgrass	5.5	6.3	5.1	6.2	4.6	95	1	17	79	0.8	21	0
Chewings fescue	5.1	5.3	7.9	5.4	2.8	97	0	2	95	1.3	21	3
Slend. creep. fescue	5.0	5.4	7.8	4.9	4.3	96	1	5	71	1.1	20	2
Colonial bentgrass	4.3	5.3	4.7	5.9	3.3	93	4	7	91	1.0	18	3
Perennial ryegrass	3.4	3.6	4.5	5.6	4.2	92	2	7	88	1.7	16	6
Rough bluegrass	3.0	4.2	5.4	6.2	2.1	61	2	1	99	1.0	19	0
P %	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<5	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1
LSD 5%	0.4	0.2	0.1	0.2	0.5	2	2	2	10	0.1	2	2
Northern zone: Apelsvoll
Chewings fescue	5.3	5.0	7.8	5.1	3.5	97	0	38	88	0.7	2	–
Velvet bentgrass	5.3	7.5	5.8	5.1	5.2	90	11	48	91	0.3	7	–
Slend. creep. fescue	4.9	4.8	7.8	5.1	4.1	95	0	42	83	0.6	2	–
Creeping bentgrass	4.7	6.1	4.1	5.0	4.5	84	6	64	89	0.3	4	–
Colonial bentgrass	4.3	5.6	4.4	5.3	3.7	85	9	56	89	0.4	2	–
Rough bluegrass	4.3	4.3	3.9	5.0	3.2	89	0	67	94	0.7	1	–
Perennial ryegrass	3.5	3.1	2.9	5.3	4.3	84	1	79	100	1.0	1	–
P %	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	–
LSD 5%	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.3	2	1	5	4	0.1	1	–
Northern zone: Korpa
Slend. creep. fescue	6.5	5.7	8.5	4.9	4.9	91	1	18	86	–	–	–
Chewings fescue	6.4	5.7	8.5	5.2	4.1	93	1	12	89	–	–	–
Northern zone: Korpa
Velvet bentgrass	5.7	7.8	5.9	3.9	5.9	71	3	44	90	–	–	–
Perennial ryegrass	5.1	5.3	5.2	4.8	5.6	76	0	30	88	–	–	–
Creeping bentgrass	4.7	7.1	6.5	4.5	5.3	71	2	49	79	–	–	–
Colonial bentgrass	4.6	7.2	5.6	5.0	5.4	62	0	49	85	–	–	–
Rough bluegrass	4.4	6.2	5.3	6.0	5.1	72	0	38	93	–	–	–
P %	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<5	–	–	–
LSD 5%	0.3	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	4	1	4	7	–	–	–
Northern zone: Mean of Apelsvoll and Korpa
Chewings fescue	5.9	5.4	8.2	5.2	3.8	95	1	25	89	0.7	2	–
Slend. Creep. Fescue	5.7	5.3	8.2	5.0	4.5	93	1	30	85	0.6	2	–
Velvet bentgrass	5.5	7.7	5.9	4.5	5.6	81	7	46	91	0.3	7	–
Creeping bentgrass	4.7	6.6	5.3	4.8	4.9	78	4	57	83	0.3	4	–
Colonial bentgrass	4.5	6.4	5.0	5.2	4.6	74	5	53	87	0.4	2	–
Rough bluegrass	4.4	5.3	4.6	5.5	4.2	81	0	53	93	0.7	1	–
Perennial ryegrass	4.3	4.2	4.1	5.1	5.0	80	1	55	94	1.0	1	–
P %	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	–
LSD 5%	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	2	1	3	4	0.1	1	–
P %, site × species	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<1	–

Table IV. Chewings fescue varieties.

	Visual merit (1–9)	Tiller den-sity (1–9)	Leaf fine-ness (1–9)	In-season colour (1–9)	Winter colour (1–9)	% living turf cover	% in-season disease	% winter damage	% turf cover after 3 weeks	Daily height growth, mm	Mat thick-ness, mm	% moss after 3 yr
Southern zone: Landvik
Musica	6.1	6.4	8.1	5.0	3.8	99	1	2	95	1.4	22	1
Barswing	5.5	5.6	8.2	5.4	2.7	98	0	2	97	1.3	20	1
Greensleeves	5.4	5.6	8.0	5.5	3.5	98	0	2	94	1.3	20	2
Center	5.2	5.3	8.0	5.6	2.9	98	0	2	98	1.3	20	2
Margret	5.2	5.3	7.9	5.5	2.4	98	0	2	93	1.4	22	3
LøRc 0021	5.0	5.1	7.8	5.1	2.7	97	0	1	97	1.3	22	2
Charme	4.9	5.0	7.9	5.7	2.5	97	1	2	97	1.3	22	3
SW RSC6028	4.8	5.1	7.9	5.2	2.4	97	0	1	97	1.4	22	4
Excellence	4.7	5.3	7.7	6.3	2.5	95	1	3	89	1.4	21	2
LøRc 0215	4.5	4.7	7.9	5.1	2.6	96	1	2	98	1.3	20	5
SW RSC6101	4.4	4.5	7.8	5.4	2.5	96	1	1	95	1.3	19	6
P %	<0.1	<0.1	<5	<0.1	<0.1	<1	<5	>15	13	>15	>15	<5
LSD 5%	0.5	0.4	0.3	0.2	0.4	2	1	–	–	–	–	3
Northern zone: Mean of Apelsvoll and Korpa
Musica	6.1	5.7	8.2	5.3	4.2	95	1	24	93	0.9	2	–
LøRc0215	6.1	5.4	8.2	5.1	3.8	96	1	24	92	0.8	2	–
Greensleeves	6.1	5.6	8.2	5.3	4.3	94	1	27	74	0.7	2	–
Charme	6.0	5.3	8.2	5.3	3.6	96	1	25	90	0.7	3
Margret	5.9	5.3	8.2	5.1	3.7	95	1	23	90	0.6	2	–
Barswing	5.9	5.5	8.2	5.0	4.0	95	1	26	90	0.7	2	–
SW RSC6101	5.8	5.3	8.2	5.2	3.8	95	1	23	92	0.7	2	–
SW RSC6028	5.8	5.3	8.2	5.1	3.9	95	1	25	92	0.7	3	–
Center	5.8	5.3	8.2	5.1	3.6	94	1	30	88	0.7	2
Excellence	5.7	5.3	8.2	5.3	3.7	95	1	26	88	0.7	2	–
LøRc 0021	5.6	5.2	8.2	5.2	3.8	94	1	24	87	0.7	3	–
P %	5	<1	>15	<1	>15	>15	<1	10	<0.1	>15	15	–
LSD 5%	0.3	0.2	–	0.1	–	–	1	–	6	–	–	–
P %, site × variety	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<1	<5	>15	14	>15	>15	–

Table V. Slender creeping red fescue varieties.

	Visual merit (1–9)	Tiller density (1–9)	Leaf fineness (1–9)	In-season colour (1–9)	Winter colour (1-9)	% living turf cover	% in-season disease	% winter dam-age	% turf cover after 3 weeks	Daily height growth, mm	Mat thick-ness, mm	% moss after 3 yr
Southern zone: Landvik
Finesto	5.8	6.1	8.0	4.3	4.6	98	1	8	74	1.2	21	0
Viktorka	5.7	6.0	8.1	5.4	4.6	98	1	7	75	1.1	19	0
Amarone	5.4	5.8	8.0	4.6	4.2	98	1	4	90	1.1	21	2
Corrida	4.5	4.8	7.5	5.4	4.3	97	0	1	68	1.1	19	2
Cezanne	4.4	5.1	7.8	4.5	4.3	92	2	4	47	0.9	20	3
Niola	4.1	4.7	7.7	5.4	4.1	94	2	5	72	1.1	22	4
P %	<1	<0.1	<5	<0.1	<5	<1	9	<5	<1	<1	>15	>15
LSD 5%	0.8	0.5	0.3	0.3	0.3	3	–	4	18	0.1	–	–
Northern zone: Mean of Apelsvoll and Korpa
Cezanne	5.9	5.5	8.2	5.0	4.6	94	0	28	72	0.6	3	–
Viktorka	5.8	5.5	8.2	5.1	4.4	93	1	32	88	0.6	2	–
Finesto	5.7	5.3	8.2	4.8	4.4	94	0	30	89	0.7	2	–
Amarone	5.7	5.2	8.2	5.0	4.4	92	0	33	86	0.6	2	–
Niola	5.6	5.3	8.2	5.1	4.6	93	1	28	87	0.6	2	–
Corrida	5.6	5.1	8.2	5.0	4.5	93	1	31	86	0.6	2	–
P %	>15	<1	>15	<1	>15	>15	<5	>15	<0.1	>15	>15	–
LSD 5%	–	0.2	–	0.2	–	–	1	–	7	–	–	–
P %, site × variety	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<0.1	<1	<5	>15	<1	8	>15	–

Table VI. Colonial bentgrass varieties.

	Visual merit (1–9)	Tiller density (1–9)	Leaf fineness (1–9)	In-season colour (1–9)	Winter colour (1–9)	% living turf cover	% in-season disease	% winter damage	% turf cover after 3 weeks	Daily height growth, mm	Mat thickness, mm	% moss after 3 yr
Southern zone: Landvik
Greenspeed	5.0	6.0	5.3	5.2	5.0	94	4	10	86	0.9	20	1
AberRoyal	4.9	5.8	4.9	5.8	4.2	95	3	12	88	1.0	18	1
Jorvik	4.2	5.7	5.1	6.3	3.6	91	8	10	88	0.9	18	3
LøEk 0015	3.8	4.6	4.6	6.9	2.1	92	5	2	87	0.9	17	4
Leirin	3.5	4.1	3.8	5.4	1.8	93	3	3	88	1.3	18	5
P %	<5	<0.1	<1	<0.1	<0.1	>15	12	<1	>15	<0.1	>15	>15
LSD 5%	1.1	0.6	0.6	0.4	0.4	–	–	6	–	0.1	–	–
Northern zone: Mean of Apelsvoll and Korpa
Jorvik	4.8	6.8	5.1	5.3	5.2	75	4	51	86	0.5	2	–
Leirin	4.6	6.3	4.7	5.2	3.4	78	5	43	88	0.4	3	–
LøEk 0015	4.6	6.5	5.0	5.3	3.9	77	4	47	88	0.4	2	–
AberRoyal	4.3	6.3	5.1	5.2	5.2	71	4	58	87	0.5	3	–
Greenspeed	4.1	6.4	5.2	5.0	5.2	67	6	64	88	0.4	2	–
P %	<5	<5	<5	<1	<0.1	<1	>15	<0.1	>15	>15	>15	–
LSD 5%	0.4	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	6	–	6	–	–	–	–
P %, site × variety	<1	<0.1	6	<0.1	<0.1	<5	5	7	<5	<1	>15	–

Table VII. Creeping bentgrass varieties.

	Visual merit (1–9)	Tiller density (1–9)	Leaf fineness (1–9)	In-season colour (1–9)	Winter colour (1–9)	% living turf cover	% in-season disease	% winter damage	% turf cover after 3 weeks	Daily height growth, mm	Mat thickness, mm	% moss after 3 yr
Southern zone: Landvik
Declaration	6.0	6.8	5.8	5.9	5.6	96	1	11	72	0.7	22	0
Independence	6.0	6.9	5.4	6.6	4.9	95	1	18	86	0.7	22	0
Runner	5.9	6.9	5.6	6.0	4.8	94	1	26	84	0.7	22	0
MacKenzie	5.5	6.3	5.5	5.9	4.1	95	1	16	80	0.7	20	0
CY-2	5.5	6.0	5.0	5.6	5.0	95	2	21	75	0.7	21	0
Bengal	5.4	6.1	5.1	6.3	4.8	95	2	16	73	0.8	22	0
Sandhill	5.2	6.0	4.7	6.7	4.5	95	2	16	77	0.8	22	0
Alpha	5.1	5.7	4.3	6.3	4.1	95	2	13	86	0.8	22	1
L-93	5.0	5.6	4.3	6.2	3.5	96	1	14	80	0.8	21	1
P %	>15	9	<0.1	<0.1	>15	>15	>15	9	>15	>15	>15	13
LSD 5%	–	–	0.4	0.4	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Northern zone: Mean of Apelsvoll and Korpa
CY-2	5.2	7.0	5.3	4.8	5.2	79	4	56	78	0.3	5.0	–
Independence	5.0	6.9	5.3	4.7	5.0	81	5	53	87	0.3	4.0	–
L-93	4.7	6.5	5.3	4.7	4.7	79	4	53	88	0.4	3.0	–
Runner	4.7	6.7	5.4	4.7	4.8	77	5	58	84	0.3	4.0	–
MacKenzie	4.7	6.7	5.4	4.7	5.0	76	4	59	84	0.4	3.0	–
Sandhill	4.7	6.6	5.3	5.0	5.0	77	4	59	86	0.3	4.0	–
Alpha	4.6	6.5	5.3	4.8	4.8	77	5	57	87	0.3	3.0	–
Bengal	4.6	6.6	5.4	4.7	4.9	78	6	58	86	0.3	4.0	–
Declaration	4.5	6.5	5.2	4.8	5.0	77	4	58	76	0.3	3.0	–
P %	6	<1	<1	<1	>15	>15	<1	10	>15	>15	>15	–
LSD 5%	–	0.2	0.2	0.1	–	–	1	–	–	–	–	–
P %, site × variety	>15	10	<0.1	<0.1	15	>15	<5	6	>15	>15	>15	–

Table VIII. Velvet bentgrass varieties.

	Visual merit (1–9)	Tiller density (1–9)	Leaf fineness (1–9)	In-season colour (1–9)	Winter colour (1–9)	% living turf cover	% in-season disease	% winter damage	% turf cover after 3 weeks	Daily height growth, mm	Mat thickness, mm	% moss after 3 yr
Southern zone: Landvik
Villa	6.2	7.4	7.6	5.4	5.4	95	2	19	80	0.5	25	0
Legendary	5.9	7.4	7.7	5.4	5.4	94	3	12	87	0.5	23	0
Vesper	5.6	7.5	7.6	6.7	6.7	92	4	15	93	0.5	26	1
P %	>15	>15	>15	<0.1	<1	>15	>15	>15	>15	>15	>15	>15
LSD 5%	–	–	–	0.4	0.5	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Northern zone: Mean of Apelsvoll and Korpa
Villa	5.6	7.7	5.8	4.5	5.5	81	6	45	90	0.2	7	–
Vesper	5.5	7.6	5.8	4.6	5.7	82	8	45	91	0.3	6	–
Legendary	5.3	7.7	5.9	4.5	5.6	80	7	48	91	0.3	7	–
P %	>15	>15	>15	<1	>15	>15	<1	>15	>15	<5	>15	–
LSD 5%	–	–	–	0.1	–	–	1	–	–	0.1	–	–
P %, site × variety	>15	>15	>15	<0.1	<0.1	15	>15	<5	<0.1	>15	>15	–

Table IX. Perennial ryegrass varieties.

	Visual merit (1–9)	Tiller density (1–9)	Leaf fineness (1–9)	In-season colour (1–9)	Winter colour (1–9)	% living turf cover	% in-season disease	% winter damage	% turf cover after 3 weeks	Daily height growth, mm	Mat thickness, mm	% moss after 3 yr
Southern zone: Landvik
Chardin	4.0	4.1	5.0	4.8	4.5	93	2	5	91	1.8	15	3
Ligala	3.5	3.6	4.7	5.4	4.1	93	1	4	95	1.9	17	6
DP179974	3.3	3.7	4.4	6.5	4.4	91	2	5	82	1.6	17	6
Madrid	3.3	3.2	3.8	6.2	4.2	91	2	18	87	1.7	15	5
Mascot	3.0	3.2	4.6	5.2	4.0	89	2	2	83	1.5	17	10
P%	<5	<5	<1	<0.1	<5	>15	>15	<0.1	>15	<0.1	>15	8
LSD 5%	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.3	0.3	–	–	4	–	0.1	–	–
Northern zone: Mean of Apelsvoll and Korpa
Chardin	4.7	4.4	4.1	5.0	4.8	82	1	53	93	0.9	1	–
DP179974	4.3	4.1	4.1	5.4	5.2	81	1	51	95	1.1	1	–
Madrid	4.3	4.3	4.0	5.3	5.0	80	1	60	93	1.0	1	–
Ligala	4.2	4.1	4.1	4.9	4.8	81	1	54	96	1.0	1	–
Mascot	4.0	4.1	4.0	5.0	5.0	79	1	55	93	1.0	1	–
P %	<5	6	12	<0.1	14	>15	>15	11	>15	>15	>15	–
LSD 5%	0.4	–	–	0.2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
P %, site × variety	>15	<5	<0.1	<0.1	<1	>15	>15	<0.1	>15	<5	>15	–

Table X. Rough bluegrass varieties.

	Visual merit (1–9)	Tiller density (1–9)	Leaf fineness (1–9)	In-season colour (1–9)	Winter colour (1–9)	% living turf cover	% in-season disease	% winter damage	% turf cover after 3 weeks	Daily height growth, mm	Mat thickness, mm	% moss after 3 yr
Southern zone: Landvik
Quasar	3.1	4.2	5.5	6.3	1.9	61	2	1	99	1.0	19	0
Race Horse	3.0	4.1	5.4	6.2	2.2	60	2	1	99	1.0	19	0
P %	<1	>15	>15	>15	>15	>15	>15	>15	>15	6	>15	>15
LSD 5%	0.1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Northern zone: Mean of Apelsvoll and Korpa
Race Horse	4.5	5.3	4.6	5.5	4.2	81	0	52	93	0.6	1	–
Quasar	4.4	5.3	4.6	5.5	4.2	80	0	53	93	0.8	1	–
P %	>15	>15	>15	>15	>15	>15	>15	>15	>15	9	>15	–
LSD 5%	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–				–
P %, Site × variety	>15	>15	>15	>15	>15	>15	>15	>15	>15	<5	>15	–