Salt tolerance of 75 cool-season turfgrasses for roadsides

Figures & data

Table I. Cultivars and entries included in the roadside salt tolerance trial.

Cultivar or Entry	Species^1	Cultivar or Entry	Species
Fults	AK	JR-522	PR
Oceania	AK	Silver Dollar	PR
SaltonSea	AK	Minnesota (ecotype)	KM
Salty	AK	Barkoel	KM
Bighorn GT	BHD	67135	SH
Little Bighorn	BHD	Marco Polo	SH
TCP	CH	ASR 050	SLCRF
Mariner	CBG	Dawson E	SLCRF
Providence	CBG	Seabreeze GT	SLCRF
Beacon	HF	Sealink	SLCRF
SR 5130	CH	Shoreline	SLCRF
Golfstar	IBG	Cardinal	STCRF
Argos	KBG	Celestial	STCRF
Arrowhead	KBG	Epic	STCRF
Brooklawn	KBG	Florentine GT	STCRF
Diva	KBG	McAlpin	STCRF
Dragon	KBG	Navigator	STCRF
Jumpstart	KBG	OR1	STCRF
Langara	KBG	PSG 5RM	STCRF
Midnight	KBG	PST 8000	STCRF
Moonlight SLT	KBG	Shademaster III	STCRF
Moonshine	KBG	SR 5250	STCRF
Orfeo	KBG	Corona	TF
Park	KBG	Coronado TDH	TF
Right	KBG	Dynamic II	TF
Accent II	PR	Endeavor II	TF
Apple GL	PR	Gazelle II	TF
Arctic Green	PR	Grande II	TF
Brighstar SLT	PR	Jaguar 4G	TF
Caddyshack II	PR	JT-158	TF
Citation Fore	PR	Kentucky-31 (E + )	TF
Fiesta III	PR	Mustang 4	TF
Grand Slam II	PR	SR 8650	TF
Gray Fox	PR	Tar Heel II	TF
Gray Goose	PR	Wolfpack II	TF
Harrier	PR	Humboldt Bay (ecotype)	DC
Headstart II	PR	SR 6000	DC
JR-521	PR
^1 AK, alkaligrass; BHD, blue hard fescue; CH, chewings fescue; CBG, creeping bentgrass; HF, hard fescue; IBG, Idaho bentgrass; KBG, Kentucky bluegrass; PR, perennial ryegrass; TF, tall fescue; KM, prairie junegrass; SH, sheep fescue; DC, tufted hairgrass; SLCRF, slender creeping red fescue; STCRF, strong creeping red fescue.

Table II. Seeding rates for the turfgrass species included in the salt tolerance trial.

Species	kg ha^−1
fine fescue	244.1
tall fescue	341.7
Kentucky bluegrass	73.2
perennial ryegrass	390.5
tufted hairgrass	97.6
prairie junegrass	146.5–195.3
creeping bentgrass	48.8
alkaligrass	195.3
Idaho bentgrass	146.5

Table III. Soil physical properties for sites in the salt-tolerant turf trial.

	Roseville^1 (Boulevard)			Roseville^1 (Main plot)			Albertville^2
Replicate	1	2	3	1	2	3	1	2	3
pH	7.7	7.5	7.4	7.4	7.2	7.0	7.8	8.1	8.0
Organic matter (%)	4.9	5.8	6.6	4.8	4.2	4.0	4.2	3.6	3.2
P (Bray) (mg kg^−1)	55	68	60	75	56	71	89	75	65
P (Olsen) (mg kg^−1)	39	37	–	–	–	–	65	55	47
K (mg kg^−1)	159	150	204	228	174	213	175	157	163
Saturated Paste EC (dS m^−1)	0.7	0.6	0.9	0.9	0.7	0.7	1.2	1.1	1.2
Ca (mg kg^−1)	2966	2547	3720	2014	1899	1798	2677	2636	2879
Mg (mg kg^−1)	185	168	192	243	249	226	280	256	300
Na (mg kg^−1)	106	15	38	187	94	37	302	299	385
^1 USGS soil type at Roseville was an Urban Land – Waukegan Complex.
^2 USGS soil types at Albertville were Angus – Cordova Complex and Glencoe clay loam.

Table IV. Analysis of variance of establishment and survival data for cultivars and entries included in the roadside salt tolerance trial.

Location	Response^1	Blocking effect^2,3	Cultivar effect^2,3
Roseville	Establishment	***	***
Main Plot	Survival		**
Roseville	Establishment	NS	***
Boulevard	Survival	NS	***
Albertville	Establishment	**	***
	Survival	NS	***
^1 Response data included visual ratings for three replications of 75 cultivars. Establishment data were collected during fall 2010, and survival during spring 2011.
^2 Analysis of variance using R Project for Statistical Computing.
^3 ***, p<0.001; **, p < 0.01; *, p<0.05; NS, not significant.

Table V. Mean survival ratings in the boulevard at Roseville for each cultivar or entry in the salt tolerance trial.

Cultivar or Entry	Species^3	Mean rating^1,2	Cultivar or Entry	Species	Mean rating
Shoreline	SLCRF	7.3	Mustang 4	TF	2.0
Navigator	STCRF	6.7	Shademaster III	STCRF	2.0
McAlpin	STCRF	6.5	Tar Heel II	TF	2.0
ASR 050	SLCRF	6.3	Accent II	PR	1.7
67135	SH	6.0	Citation Fore	PR	1.7
Cardinal	STCRF	6.0	JR-521	PR	1.7
Seabreeze GT	SLCRF	6.0	Kentucky-31 (E + )	TF	1.7
Marco Polo	SH	5.7	Langara	KBG	1.7
OR1	STCRF	5.7	Silver Dollar	PR	1.7
SR 5130	CH	5.3	Dawson E	SLCRF	1.5
Beacon	HF	5.0	Wolfpack II	TF	1.5
Oceania	AK	5.0	Apple GL	PR	1.3
PSG 5RM	STCRF	5.0	Arctic Green	PR	1.3
Salty	AK	5.0	Corona	TF	1.3
SR 8650	TF	4.7	Coronado TDH	TF	1.3
Bighorn GT	BHD	4.5	Diva	KBG	1.3
Grande II	TF	4.5	Gray Fox	PR	1.3
SaltonSea	AK	4.5	Headstart II	PR	1.3
PST 8000	STCRF	4.3	Jaguar 4G	TF	1.3
SR 5250	STCRF	4.3	Jumpstart	KBG	1.3
Humboldt Bay	DC	4.0	Midnight	KBG	1.3
TCP	CH	4.0	Orfeo	KBG	1.3
Grand Slam II	PR	3.5	Argos	KBG	1.0
Fults	AK	3.3	Arrowhead	KBG	1.0
Sealink	SLCRF	3.3	Brighstar SLT	PR	1.0
Epic	STCRF	3.0	Brooklawn	KBG	1.0
Gazelle II	TF	3.0	Caddyshack II	PR	1.0
Little Bighorn	BHD	3.0	Dragon	KBG	1.0
Moonlight SLT	KBG	3.0	Golfstar	IBG	1.0
Dynamic II	TF	2.7	Harrier	PR	1.0
Gray Goose	PR	2.7	JT-158	TF	1.0
Providence	CBG	2.7	Minnesota	KM	1.0
Celestial	STCRF	2.3	Mariner	CBG	1.0
Fiesta III	PR	2.3	Park	KBG	1.0
JR-522	PR	2.3	Right	KBG	1.0
Moonshine	KBG	2.3	SR 6000	DC	1.0
Endeavor II	TF	2.0	Barkoel	KM	1.0
Florentine GT	STCRF	2.0
^1 Data collected April 27, 2011. Three replications of plots were rated on a 1–9 scale (1 = complete death, 9 = no visible injury) for survival of existing turfgrass plant tissue.
^2 LSD = 2.96.
^3 AK, alkaligrass; BHD, blue hard fescue; CH, chewings fescue; CBG, creeping bentgrass; HF, hard fescue; IBG, Idaho bentgrass; KBG, Kentucky bluegrass; PR, perennial ryegrass; TF, tall fescue; KM, prairie junegrass; SH, sheep fescue; DC, tufted hairgrass; SLCRF, slender creeping red fescue; STCRF, strong creeping red fescue.

Table VI. Mean survival ratings in the main plot at Roseville for each cultivar or entry in the salt tolerance trial.

Cultivar or Entry	Species^3	Mean Rating^1,2	Cultivar or Entry	Species	Mean Rating
Shoreline	SLCRF	6.0	Brooklawn	KBG	1.0
Fults	AK	5.7	Caddyshack II	PR	1.0
67135	SH	5.3	Citation Fore	PR	1.0
Cardinal	STCRF	5.3	Corona	TF	1.0
Navigator	STCRF	4.7	Coronado TDH	TF	1.0
Beacon	HF	4.0	Dawson E	SLCRF	1.0
Bighorn GT	BHD	4.0	Diva	KBG	1.0
PSG 5RM	STCRF	4.0	Dragon	KBG	1.0
PST 8000	STCRF	4.0	Endeavor II	TF	1.0
SR 5250	STCRF	4.0	Gazelle II	TF	1.0
McAlpin	STCRF	3.7	Golfstar	IBG	1.0
OR1	STCRF	3.7	Grande II	TF	1.0
SR 5130	CH	3.7	Grand Slam II	PR	1.0
Celestial	STCRF	3.3	Humboldt Bay	DC	1.0
Headstart II	PR	3.3	JR-521	PR	1.0
Accent II	PR	2.7	JR-522	PR	1.0
ASR 050	SLCRF	2.7	JT-158	TF	1.0
Jaguar 4G	TF	2.7	Jumpstart	KBG	1.0
Seabreeze GT	SLCRF	2.7	Minnesota	KM	1.0
Wolfpack II	TF	2.7	Kentucky-31 (E + )	TF	1.0
Epic	STCRF	2.3	Langara	KBG	1.0
Florentine GT	STCRF	2.3	Mariner	CBG	1.0
Gray Fox	PR	2.3	Midnight	KBG	1.0
Harrier	PR	2.3	Moonshine	KBG	1.0
Marco Polo	SH	2.3	Mustang 4	TF	1.0
Gray Goose	PR	2.0	Oceania	AK	1.0
Little Bighorn	BHD	2.0	Orfeo	KBG	1.0
Shademaster III	STCRF	2.0	Park	KBG	1.0
SR 8650	TF	2.0	Providence	CBG	1.0
Brighstar SLT	PR	1.7	Right	KBG	1.0
Dynamic II	TF	1.7	SaltonSea	AK	1.0
Fiesta III	PR	1.7	Salty	AK	1.0
TCP	CH	1.7	Sealink	SLCRF	1.0
Arctic Green	PR	1.3	Silver Dollar	PR	1.0
Moonlight SLT	KBG	1.3	SR 6000	DC	1.0
Apple GL	PR	1.0	Tar Heel II	TF	1.0
Argos	KBG	1.0	Barkoel	KM	1.0
Arrowhead	KBG	1.0
^1 Data collected April 27, 2011. Three replications of plots were rated on a 1–9 scale (1 = complete death, 9 = no visible injury) for survival of existing turfgrass plant tissue.
^2 LSD = 2.86.
^3 AK, alkaligrass; BHD, blue hard fescue; CH, chewings fescue; CBG, creeping bentgrass; HF, hard fescue; IBG, Idaho bentgrass; KBG, Kentucky bluegrass; PR, perennial ryegrass; TF, tall fescue; KM, prairie junegrass; SH, sheep fescue; DC, tufted hairgrass; SLCRF, slender creeping red fescue; STCRF, strong creeping red fescue.

Table VII. Mean survival ratings at Albertville for each cultivar or entry in the salt tolerance trial.

Cultivar or Entry	Species^3	Mean rating^1,2	Cultivar or Entry	Species	Mean rating
Fults	AK	9.0	Corona	TF	2.0
Oceania	AK	9.0	Endeavor II	TF	2.0
SaltonSea	AK	9.0	Florentine GT	STCRF	2.0
Salty	AK	9.0	Tar Heel II	TF	2.0
ASR 050	SLCRF	6.3	Barkoel	KM	2.0
Mariner	CBG	6.0	Dragon	KBG	1.7
Marco Polo	SH	5.3	Gray Goose	PR	1.7
Shoreline	SLCRF	5.3	SR 6000	DC	1.7
Seabreeze GT	SLCRF	5.0	Apple GL	PR	1.3
Sealink	SLCRF	5.0	Arrowhead	KBG	1.3
Beacon	HF	4.7	Citation Fore	PR	1.3
Grande II	TF	4.3	Gazelle II	TF	1.3
Cardinal	STCRF	4.0	Jaguar 4G	TF	1.3
Epic	STCRF	4.0	Jumpstart	KBG	1.3
McAlpin	STCRF	4.0	Midnight	KBG	1.3
TCP	CH	4.0	Moonlight SLT	KBG	1.3
Celestial	STCRF	3.7	Orfeo	KBG	1.3
Little Bighorn	BHD	3.7	Park	KBG	1.3
OR1	STCRF	3.7	Accent II	PR	1.0
SR 5250	STCRF	3.7	Arctic Green	PR	1.0
67135	SH	3.3	Argos	KBG	1.0
Bighorn GT	BHD	3.3	Brighstar SLT	PR	1.0
Navigator	STCRF	3.3	Caddyshack II	PR	1.0
Shademaster III	STCRF	3.3	Dawson E	SLCRF	1.0
SR 5130	CH	3.3	Diva	KBG	1.0
Coronado TDH	TF	3.0	Dynamic II	TF	1.0
Humboldt Bay	DC	3.0	Fiesta III	PR	1.0
JT-158	TF	3.0	Golfstar	IBG	1.0
Providence	CBG	3.0	Gray Fox	PR	1.0
PSG 5RM	STCRF	3.0	Harrier	PR	1.0
Grand Slam II	PR	2.7	Headstart II	PR	1.0
PST 8000	STCRF	2.7	JR-521	PR	1.0
SR 8650	TF	2.7	JR-522	PR	1.0
Wolfpack II	TF	2.7	Minnesota	KM	1.0
Brooklawn	KBG	2.3	Moonshine	KBG	1.0
Kentucky-31 (E + )	TF	2.3	Right	KBG	1.0
Langara	KBG	2.3	Silver Dollar	PR	1.0
Mustang 4	TF	2.3
^1 Data collected May13, 2011. Three replications of plots were rated on a 1–9 scale (1 = complete death, 9 = no visible injury) for survival of existing turfgrass plant tissue.
^2 LSD = 2.23.
^3 AK, alkaligrass; BHD, blue hard fescue; CH, chewings fescue; CBG, creeping bentgrass; HF, hard fescue; IBG, Idaho bentgrass; KBG, Kentucky bluegrass; PR, perennial ryegrass; TF, tall fescue; KM, prairie junegrass; SH, sheep fescue; DC, tufted hairgrass; SLCRF, slender creeping red fescue; STCRF, strong creeping red fescue.