Trace elements in soils and food chains of the Balkan region

Figures & data

Figure 1.  The main metallogenic provinces in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia, and locations of investigated sites. Locations: 1 – Zlatibor (Serbia); 2 – Sv. Jakob (Croatia); 3 – Istrian Penninsula (Croatia); 4 – Sinjsko polje (Croatia); 5 – Velika Morava River Valley (Serbia); 6 – Rudnik (Serbia); 7 – Dugi Rat (Croatia); 8 – Zenica, Vareš, and Iliaš (Bosnia and Herzegovina); 9 – Petrovo (BIH); 10 – Industrial areas (Serbia); Tuzla (BIH); Luke (BIH); 13 – Banja Luka (BIH); 14 – NW Croatia; 15 – Srem (Serbia); 16 – Banat (Serbia); 17 – Bačka (Serbia); 18 – Nišava (Serbia); 19 – Pozega (Croatia); 20 – Goč (Serbia); 21 – Divčibare (Serbia); 22 – Sava Basin (Croatia); 23 – Drava Basin (Croatia).

Table I. Mean concentrations and range (in brackets) of some trace elements in soils (mg kg⁻¹).

		South-Eastern Europe's soils
Elements	World's soils	Northwestern Croatia (n = 293)	South Dalmacia, Croatia (n = 404)	Croatia, urban soils (n = 331)	Banja Luka, rural area, BIH (n = 159)	Vojvodina, Serbia (n = 1600)	Srem, Serbia (n = 250)	South Backa, Serbia (n = 145)	Nišava catchment, Serbia (n = 345)
As	9.36	10.0 (1.8–52.7)	16.0 (1.8–52.7)	NA	12.5 (2.53–82.5)	2.19 (0.30–13.0)	8.40 (1.76–21.9)	10.3(3.26–33.1)	10.6 (1.30–114)
Cd	0.06	NA	NA	0.66 (0.25–3.85)	0.40 (0.08–2.17)	<2	0.43 (0.05–1.50)	0.20 (0.03–2.36)	1.19 (0.05–4.20)
Cr	20–200	83.0 (32–524)	126 (15–2200)	NA	42.2 (16.2–170)	30.0 (5.33–86.1)	37.9 (7.11–128)	44.8 (17.9–61.2)	24.3 (0.60–121)
Co	10–40	12.0 (2.0–38.0)	17.0 (2.0–38.0)	NA	21.0 (6.43–50.3)	NA	14.1 (3.81–35.5)	12.4 (5.29–17.3)	NA
Cu	20	26 (5–248)	67 (6–923)	20.8 (4.30–183)	29.0 (8.61–105)	17.1 (1.85–388)	27.3 (2.49–345)	26.5 (7.83–151)	19.1 (0.10–213)
Hg	0.03	0.094 (0.01–4.53)	NA	NA	0.60 (0.07–1.24)	NA	NA	NA	0.16 (0.01–1.54)
Pb	10–150	34 (15–382)	52 (9–220)	25.9 (1.00–139)	29.5 (7.49–98.1)	17.2 (3.0–73.5)	26.8 (7.11–115)	24.4 (7.26–286)	22.1 (0.10–139)
Mo	1–5	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Ni	40	42 (13–427)	84 (7–288)	49.5 (1.00–282)	50.7 (14.9–396)	14.8 (1.78–62.7)	52.0 (9.28–255)	35.6 (14.9–58.5)	18.3 (0.10–61.0)
Se	0.20	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Zn	10–300	92 (28–974)	113 (16–491)	77.9 (15.2–277)	79.9 (38.1–216)	60.3 (10.7–203)	64.4 (5.85–294)	74.4 (22.1–74.4)	38.4 (0.10–147)
Fe (g kg^−1)		32.8 (6.0–64.3)	39.4 (4.3–350)	27 (5.85–51.7)	NA	NA	27.1 (6.59–276)	NA	NA
Mn		622 (131–5619)	971 (96–2563)	613 (79.2–1282)	1370 (249–4093)	NA	644 (75.4–2937)	NA	NA
B		NA	NA	NA	NA	3.49^a (<0.01–15.9)	NA	NA	NA
Reference	Xie and Lu (2000)	Miko et al. (2001)	Miko et al. (2001)	Romić and Romić (2003)	Marković et al. (2006)	Ubavić et al. (1993)	Nešić et al. (2008)	Nešić et al. (2009)	Antonović and Mrvić (2008)
BIH – Bosnia and Herzegovina; NA – Not analyzed. ^aExtracted by 1 M HCl.

Table II. Trace element concentrations in soils and their sources in areas with enchanced levels (mean and range in brackets; mg kg⁻¹).

Location, source of contamination, and reference	n	Cu	Zn	Pb	Cd	Ni	Cr	Hg	As	Co	Mn	Mo
Zlatibor (Serbia), geochemical (Jakovljević & Stevanović, 2004)	13	17. 0(10–54)	64. 0(43–153)	41. 0(30–54)	0. 6(0.5–1.0)	1456(700–2770)	599(210–975)	0. 03(0.02–0.05)	1. 9(1.2–2.9)	88. 0(20–134)	1486(420–2130)	NA
Zlatibor (Serbia), geochemical (Dragović et al., 2008)	174	8. 64(4.6–13.4)	21. 8(6.6–40.3)	41. 5(1.2–71.5)	1. 42(0.01–3.6)	320(3.4–771)	46. 3(0.01–260)	NA	NA	NA	953(206–1742)	NA
Sv. Jakob (Croatia), geochemical (Durn et al., 1999)	100	40.0±44. 0(5.0–377)	664± 1318(12–9125)	2693± 4790(9–18,188)	11.7± 26(0.25–189)	NA	NA	0.42±0. 34(0.06–1.83)	NA	NA	NA	NA
Istrian Penninsula (Croatia), geochemical (Miko et al., 1999)	45	NA	85.5± 39(40–200)	54.9± 32(18–150)	NA	57.3±41. 0(20–300)	86.4±28. 0(10–140)	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Sinjsko polje (Croatia), geochemical (Miko et al., 1999)	42	NA	172.6± 86(61–506)	58.9± 18(21–113)	NA	128±62. 0(43–330)	145.5±41. 0(67–278)	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Istra (Croatia), geochemical/anthropogenic (Prohić et al., 1997)	440	(15–361)	(40–626)	(30–720)	NA	NA	50–350	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
V Morava river valley (Serbia), geochemical/anthropogenic (Jakovljević et al., 1997)	30	33.3±7.8	110±43.8	63.9±51.3	0.20±0.01	114±52.3	57.6–19.3	0.06±0.03	13.2±6.2	16.9±3.7	773±191	NA
V. Morava and Jasenica River Valleys and Rudnik (Serbia), geochemical/anthropogenic (Jakovljević & Antić-Mladenović, 2000)	17	56.8±11. 4(5–71.5)	141± 18(46–375)	148± 48(29.5–945)	0.82±0. 22(0.25–4.5)	189±33. 9(3.5–465)	187±46. 9(17.5–615)	NA	17.1±4. 25(5.3–86.6)	19.5±1. 74(4–32)	896±47. 5(440–1240)	NA
Dugi Rat (Croatia), ex-ferrochromium smeltery (Orešcanin et al., 2006)	10	44±14.7	415±461	76.8±86.4	NA	315±147	15,990±10,610	NA	NA	NA	24,050±10,610	NA
Zenica, Vareš and Ilijaš (BIH), metallurgic area (Alijagić & Šajn, 2006)	6	NA	(361–2434)	(267–918)	(1.5–3.5)	(114–187)	(161–271)	(0.51–5.4)	(31–91)	(16–34)	(1284–3704)	(1.8–5.5)
Zenica (BIH), metallurgic area (Alijagić, 2007)	62	53(11–92)	202(46–474)	122(19–384)	0. 78(0.3–1.8)	122(47–329)	156(34–555)	0. 22(0.05–2.97)	32. 0(11–117)	22. 0(5.0–37)	14, 240(6520–30,900)	0. 77(0.30–1.9)
Petrovo (BIH), geochemical/exposed to war activities (Đurić et al., 2007)	6	(10.7–34.1)	(51.9–339)	(9.46–197)	(1.09–3.19)	(40.6–2055)	(32.3–541)	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Industrial areas (Serbia), industrial (Slavkovic et al., 2004)	59	40.0±56. 4(4.0–348)	103±53. 9(34.6–268)	37.7±66. 8(1.6–436)	1.3±0. 5(0.6–3.0)	66.6±66. 9(13.7–239)	33.7±25. 1(8.8–119)	NA	10.3±1. 1(7.5–13.2)	NA	349± 206(87.5–1028)	NA
Pancevo (Serbia), industrial (Markovic et al., 2003)	6	(65.0–159)	NA	NA	NA	(37.5–55.0)	(17.5–34.0)	NA	NA	(2.0–10.0)	NA	NA
Tuzla (BIH), coal-fired power plants (Dellantonio et al., 2008)
Plane	18	49±16	82±29	22±5	0.2±0.1	368±158	228±87	NA	24±9.2	33±8.4	NA	0.4±0.2
Dreznik	37	46±16	80±17	18±2.7	0.3±0.10	418±170	323±131	NA	23±10	35±9.8	NA	0.5±0.26
Divkovci I	10	44±16	73±31	24±7.9	0.4±0.26	327±147	177±41	NA	12±8.5	29±11	NA	NA
Luke (BIH), anthropogenic (road) (Federal Institute of Agropedology, 2007)	28	36. 6(21.7–47.7)	71. 4(54–101)	94. 6(37.3–142.8)	4. 7(2.6–10.4)	NA	NA	NA	NA	21. 4(11.2–33.6)	1108(538–1556)	NA
Banja Luka (BIH), anthropogenic (Marković et al., 2006)	5	151(25.2–630)	222(73.0–803)	56. 9(16.9–205)	2. 0(0.27–8.72)	138(41.4–426)	89. 4(31.9–300)	(ND–3.34)	26. 9(8.59–86.1)	24. 0(16.3–34.7)	1243(1033–1480)	NA
Northwest Croatia, anthropogenic (vineyard) (Romić et al., 2004)	67	368± 191(29.8–700)	114±93. 7(56–420)	36.6±7. 55(19.8–53.9)	2.2±0. 71(0.62–4.57)	52.7±19. 5(20–158)	67.6± 18(42.6–134)	NA	NA	NA	573± 210(228–1253)	NA
NA – not analysed; ND – not detected; BIH – Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Table III. Concentration of selenium in soils of some SEE countries (mean and range; mg kg⁻¹).

Location	n	Mean value	Range	Reference
Srem and Banat, Vojvodina (Serbia)	46	0.250	0.110–0.450	Čuvardić (2003)
Vojvodina (Serbia)	7	0.106	0.024–0.194	Čuvardić (2000)
Serbia	140	0.200	0.079–0.439	Maksimović et al. (1992)
Northern Pomoravlje (Sebia)	43	0.240	0.120–0.440	Jakovljević et al. (1995a)
Alluvial soil	18	0.250	0.120–0.440	Jakovljević et al. (1995a)
Brown forest soil	14	0.200	0.140–0.320	Jakovljević et al. (1995a)
Smonitza	4	0.170	0.130–0.200	Jakovljević et al. (1995a)
Meadow soil	4	0.330	0.280–0.430	Jakovljević et al. (1995a)
Hidromorphic black soil	2	0.170	0.190–0.260	Jakovljević et al. (1995a)
Chernozem	1	0.170	–	Jakovljević et al. (1995a)
Medjumurje, Podravina, Slavonija (Croatia)	1	0.180	–	Antunović et al. (2005)
Požega Valley (Croatia)	4	0.038	0.020–0.048	Gavrilović and Matešić (1987)
Zeta Valley (Montenegro)	25	0.280	0.200–0.410	Jakovljević et al. (1995b)
Northern BIH	9	0.453	0.319–0.677	Muratović et al. (2007)
BIH – Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Table IV. Comparison of sufficient levels of micronutrients in crops and feeds for livestock (mg kg⁻¹).

Nutrient	Location	Level in crops in WB	Sufficient levels in crops^a	Sufficient levels in feeds for livestock^a
Cu	Vojvodina (Serbia)	Alfalfa 0.1–8.3^d	Alfalfa 6–12	Sheep 6–10
	Goč (Serbia)	Grass 2–6.6^b	Timothy 4–8	Post-weaning pigs 50–60
	Serbia	Grass 2–12.2^c	Pasture grasses 5–12
	Divčibare (Serbia)	Grass 2.92–9.77^e
	Zlatibor (Serbia)	Grass 1.8–7^h
	Nisici plateau (BIH)	Grass 0.56–0.72^i
	Vojvodina (Serbia)	Corn 1.6–1.6^d
	Eastern Croatia	Corn 0.5–3.4^g
Co	Vojvodina (Serbia)	Alfalfa 0.01–0.15^d	Alfalfa, Timothy 0.012–0.032	Ruminants 0.1
	Goč (Serbia)	Grass 0.04–0.12^b		Sheep 0.07
	Zlatibor (Serbia)	Grass 0.1–1.0^h
	Vojvodina (Serbia)	Corn <0.1–0.16^d
Fe	Vojvodina (Serbia)	Alfalfa 20–271^d	Alfalfa 35–50	Leghorn chicken 60–80
	Goč (Serbia)	Grass 104–603^b	Timothy 23–47	Broiler chicks 80
	Divcibare (Serbia)	Grass 81–232^e
	Zlatibor (Serbia)	Grass 95–710^h
	Vojvodina (Serbia)	Corn 284–306^d
	Eastern Croatia	Corn 11–60.7^g
Mn	Vojvodina (Serbia)	Alfalfa 0.1–46^d	Alfalfa 31–49	Poultry, Chicks 50
	Goč (Serbia)	Grass 16–54^b	Timothy 34–53	Ruminants 40
	Divčibare (Serbia)	Grass 26–133^e
	Zlatibor (Serbia)	Grass 20–115^h
	Vojvodina (Serbia)	Corn 3.2–3.2^d
	Eastern Croatia	Corn 4.7–14.8^g
Zn	Vojvodina (Serbia)	Alfalfa 0.08–26.3^d	Alfalfa, Ryegrass 12–28	Pigs 50–100
	Goč (Serbia)	Grass 23–46^b	Crotolana anagyroides 10	Dairy cattle, Bulls 50
	Divčibare (Serbia)	Grass 4.01–38.91^e		Poultry 35–65
	Zlatibor (Serbia)	Grass 12–30^h
	Vojvodina (Serbia)	Corn 22–65^d
	Eastern Croatia	Corn 11.9–33.2^g
Se (µg kg^−1)	Divčibare (Serbia)	Grass 0.013–0.022^e	10–2000^j	30–50^k
	Vojvodina (Sebia)	Corn 25.5–40.5^f
	Central region (Serbia)	Corn 22.1–31.1^f
	South region (Serbia)	Corn 12.5–21.0^f
	Sava Basin (Croatia)	Corn meal 114±80.0^l
	Drava Basin (Croatia)	Corn meal 38.1±1.0^l
	Požega Valley (Croatia)	Corn <10^m
B	Zlatibor (Serbia)	Grass 14–25^h	Alfalfa >15^n
	Eastern Croatia	Corn 0.5–6.0^g
Ni	Eastern Croatia	Corn 0.1–1.0^g	20–30^o	50–60^o
BIH – Bosnia and Herzegovina. ^aGupta and Gupta (2005), ^bDanon and Jakovljevic (1989), ^cDanon and Jakovljevic (1992), ^dČuvardić et al. (2006), ^eKrstić et al. (2008), ^fMihaljev et al. (2003a), ^gBrkić et al. (2004), ^hStevanović et al. (2004), ^iMuratović et al. (2005), ^jKabata-Pendias and Pendias (1992), ^kUnderwood and Suttle (1999), ^lKlapec et al. (2004), ^mGavrilović and Matešić (1987), ^nMengel and Kirkby (1987), ^oSauerbeck (1982).

Table V. Mean and range (in brackets) of toxic trace element concentrations in crops and feeds for livestock reported by various studies.

Crop	Location	n	Cd (mg kg^−1)	Pb (mg kg^−1)	Hg (mg kg^−1)	As (mg kg^−1)	Cr (mg kg^−1)	Ni (mg kg^−1)	Reference
Alfalfa	Vojvodina (Serbia)	12	0.03 (0.02–0.04)	0.55 (0.35–0.82)	0.53 (0.01–1.33)	0.15 (0.10–0.33)	NA	NA	Čuvardić et al. (2006)
Corn	Vojvodina (Serbia)	12	0.02 (0.02–0.03)	0.35 (0.20–0.52)	<0.01	0.41 (0.10–0.90)	NA	NA	Čuvardić et al. (2006)
Grass^a	Zlatibor (Serbia)	9	0.12 (0.12–0.12)	1.90 (1.0–2.7)	NA	NA	8.1 (2.0–25.7)	65 (2.3–443)	Stevanović et al. (2004)
Grass	Kakanj (BIH)	4^b	(0.01–0.02)	(0.11–0.36)	NA	NA	NA	NA	Muratović et al. (2002)
		4^a	(0.01–0.02)	(0.11–0.29)	NA	NA	NA	NA	Muratović et al. (2002)
Plants^c	Rudnik, V Morava (Serbia)	17	0.4 (0.25–1.5)	9.7 (3–88.5)	NA	0.3 (0.03–1.83)	16.2 (7–34)	8.9 (2.5–21.5)	Jakovljević and Antić-Mladenović (2000)
MAC			0.5	10	0.2	0.5	–	–	Official Gazette RS (2010)
NA – not analyzed; BIH – Bosnia and Herzegovina; MAC – maximum allowed concentration. ^aHay from meadows; ^bgreen mass from meadows; ^cmostly alfalfa.

Table VI. Mean and range (in brackets) of trace element concentrations in wheat grain reported by various studies (on dry weight basis).

Location	n	Cd (µg kg^−1)	Pb (µg kg^−1)	Hg (µg kg^−1)	As (µg kg^−1)	Cu (mg kg^−1)	Zn (mg kg^−1)	Fe (mg kg^−1)	Mn (mg kg^−1)	Reference
Vojvodina (Serbia)	12	33.9 (16–60)	<50 (<50–65)	<1	1.08 (<0.5–1.08)	4.06 (3.2–5.01)	52.5 (30–90)	40.5 (30.6–89.6)	26.3 (22.3–30.9)	Zivkov-Baloš et al. (2000)
R Šančevi, Vojvodina (Serbia)	16	14 (ND–20)	135 (ND–304)	<1	19 (ND–154)	4.6 (4.2–5.1)	21.8 (16.8–30.6)	47.6 (43.3–55.8)	45.9 (41.7–47.4)	Kastori et al. (2002)
(Serbia)	52	28.8 (5.1–72)	137 (34.3–379)	7.0 (<0.1–54.8)	55.4 (<20–90.6)	4.1 (3.0–6.1)	23.8 (20.2–29.3)	53.5 (47.0–60.7)	33.9 (27.1–41)	Škrbić and Čupić (2005)
(Serbia)	14	38.3 (2.4–252)	366 (74.8–1099)	6.24 (<0.3–57.6)	82.7 (<50–162)	5.30 (3.61–7.64)	33.2 (26.6–44.3)	80.7 (51.7–165)	50.9 (37–88.4)	Škrbić and Onjia (2007)
MAC		0.2	0.2	0.05	0.5					Official Gazette RS (2011)
ND – Not detected. MAC – maximum allowed concentration (mg kg^−1).

Table VII. Maximum levels for heavy metals in foodstuffs – cereals, vegetables, and fruit.

	Maximum level (mg kg^−1 FW)
	Serbian regulation (Official Gazette RS, 2011)				Commission regulation (EC) 1881/2006
Product	Pb	Cd	Hg	As	Pb	Cd
Cereals^a	0.2	0.1	0.05	0.5	0.2	0.1
Rice and buckwheat	0.4/0.4^c	0.2/0.1^c	0.05/0.03^c	0.5	0.2	0.2
Soybean	0.2	0.2	0.1	1.0	0.1	0.2
Vegetables^b	0.1^d	0.05/0.1^d	0.02	0.3	0.1^d	0.05/0.1^d
Brassica, leafy vegetables, fresh herbs and fungi	0.3	0.2	0.02	0.3	0.3	0.2
Fungi	1 (5)	1	0.5 (3)	1
Fruit (excluding berries and small fruits)	0.1	0.05	0.02	0.3	0.1
Berries and small fruits	0.2	0.05	0.02	0.1	0.2
Fruit and vegetable dried	3	0.3	0.1	0.5
^aExcluding buckwheat, legumes, and pulces. ^bExcluding brassica, leafy vegetables, fresh herbs, and fungi. ^cLevel for flour values refers to cereals, flour, and cereal products. ^dLevel for peeled potatoes.

Table VIII. Nutritional levels of trace elements.

Trace element (unit)	Nutritional value, lowest threshold intake^a	Toxicological value, upper level^b	Cereals^c (mg kg^−1)	Cereals containing daily needs (kg) (lowest threshold intake)^f	Cereals containing toxicological daily values^g (kg)
Cu (mg)	0.6	10–35	3.2–7.64	0.19–0.08	7.03–2.94
Mn (mg)	0.75	–	22.3–88.4	0.03–0.01	–
Mo (µg)	17.5	600	201–418^d	0.09–0.04	2.99–1.43
Ni (µg)	–	600	224–468^d	–	2.68–1.28
Se (µg)	20	150–300	34.6^e	0.58	4.33–8.67
Zn (mg)	4–5	25–60	16.8–90	0.24–0.04	1.48–0.67
^a,bNutritional and toxicological daily reference values established for adults by various organisms (Leblanc et al., 2005; adopted by Kabata-Pendias & Mukherjee, 2007). ^cAverage of data for TE concentrations in wheat grain given in Table VI. ^dµg kg^−1, Kastori et al. (2002). ^eµg kg^−1, Mihaljev et al. (2003a). ^fCalculated on the bases of nutritional value, lowest threshold intake (a) and concentration of TE in cereals (c). ^gCalculated on the bases of toxicological value, upper level (b) and concentration of TE in cereals (c).

Table IX. Concentration of selenium in cereals, fruit, and vegetables in SEE (µg kg⁻¹).

Crop	n	Location	Mean value	Range	Reference
Wheat		Vojvodina (Serbia)	34.6		Mihaljev et al. (2003a)
	31	Vojvodina (Serbia)	25.3±7.2		Maksimović et al. (1992)
	14	West Serbia	15.0±14.8		Maksimović et al. (1992)
	58	Serbia	20.5±12.4	3.6–65.5	Maksimović et al. (1992)
	14	Croatia	<10.0–18.0		Gavrilović and Matešić (1987)
	3	Koprivnica (Croatia)		22.0–62.0	Popijač & Prpić-Majić (2002)
Wheat flour, white	4	Sava Basin (Croatia)	58.5±5.1		Klapec et al. (2004)
	3	Drava Basin (Croatia)	56.3±4.4		Klapec et al. (2004)
		Croatia	69.0		Matešić et al. (1981)
Barley		Vojvodina (Serbia)	32.4		Mihaljev et al. (2003a)
Oats		Vojvodina (Serbia)	77.8		Mihaljev et al. (2003a)
Rye		Vojvodina (Serbia)	70.7		Mihaljev et al. (2003a)
Apple	2	Sava Basin (Croatia)	8.8±1.6		Klapec et al. (2004)
	2	Drava Basin (Croatia)	7.8±0.2		Klapec et al. (2004)
Grape	2	Sava Basin (Croatia)	12.9±3.6		Klapec et al. (2004)
	2	Drava Basin (Croatia)	8.9±0.0		Klapec et al. (2004)
Walnut	2	Sava Basin (Croatia)	46.1±15.5		Klapec et al. (2004)
Garlic	23	Vojvodina (Serbia)	24.9±24	2.2–85.5	Maksimović et al. (1992)
	43	West and central Serbia	7.7±6.6	2.1–36.1	Maksimović et al. (1992)
	66	Serbia	13.7±17	2.1–85.5	Maksimović et al. (1992)
	2	Sava Basin (Croatia)	34.2±5.1		Klapec et al. (2004)
	1	Drava Basin (Croatia)	57.6		Klapec et al. (2004)
Cabbage, fresh	2	Sava Basin (Croatia)	66.1±5.6		Klapec et al. (2004)
	2	Drava Basin (Croatia)	8.3±0.5		Klapec et al. (2004)
Potato	3	Sava Basin (Croatia)	9.5±1.3		Klapec et al. (2004)
	2	Drava Basin (Croatia)	7.2±0.8		Klapec et al. (2004)

Table X. Mean and range (in brackets) of trace element concentrations in vegetables and fruit reported by various studies (fresh weight).

Crop and location	N	Cd (µg kg^−1)	Pb (µg kg^−1)	Hg (µg kg^−1)	As (µg kg^−1)	Cu (mg kg^−1)	Zn (mg kg^−1)	Fe (mg kg^−1)	Ni (mg kg^−1)	Reference
Brassicacae, Zagreb (Croatia)	81	NA	454^a (19–1871)	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	Bošnir and Puntarić (1997)
Vegetables (Croatia)	60	(14.9–42.3)	(11.1–73.8)	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	Blanuša and Jureša (2001)
Cabbage (Croatia)	20	10.3 (6–27)	24 (ND–284)	ND	NA	0.32 (0.17–0.62)	2.25 (0.97–4.27)	NA	NA	Vitali et al. (2007)
Potato (Croatia)	20	28 (5–63)	96 (10–380)	11 (ND–40)	ND	1.81 (1.02–2.98)	5.33 (2.64–14.1)	NA	NA	Vitali et al. (2007)
Potato (Serbia)	12	(<20–70)	<10	NA	ND	NA	NA	(<4–4.3)	(<0.1–2.8)	Kovacevic et al. (2002)
Grapes, Obrenovac (Serbia)	4	(ND–20)	155 (90–240)	(ND–10)	NA	NA	1.44 (0.76–2.49)	7.43 (5.59–9.41)	5.53 (5.59–9.41)	Bešlić et al. (2005)
Grapes, Vrbnik (Croatia)	31	NA	4.5 (ND–21)	NA	0.8 (ND–4.9)	0.12 (0.05–0.53)	0.07 (0.005–0.21)	0.08 (0.01–0.20)	0.003 (ND–0.01)	Orešcanin et al. (2003)
NA – not analyzed; ND – not detected. ^aMedian.

Table XI. Mean and ranges (in brackets) of trace element concentrations in vegetables, sediments, and soil at the area of ironwork in Zenica, BIH (dry weight) (Goletić, 1999).

Crop	n	Cd (mg kg^−1)	Pb (mg kg^−1)	Cu (mg kg^−1)	Fe (mg kg^−1)
Carrot	9	1.35 (1.15–1.65)	1.53 (1.0–2.0)	1.07 (1.0–2.0)	39.5 (19.5–75.0)
Onion	9	2.77 (2.52–2.90)	5.93 (5.0–6.80)	2.10 (1.0–3.80)	30.2 (26.0–43.0)
Lettuce	9	4.02 (3.90–4.16)	16.0 (11.5–18.4)	11.6 (9.40–15.0)	459 (373–578)
Spinach	9	2.04 (1.80–2.22)	6.93 (4.5–9.75)	21.2 (20.5–22.0)	438 (409–471)
Sediments^a (mg m^–2 day^–1)	9	0.003 (0.001–0.003)	0.13 (0.02–0.31)	0.01 (0.001–0.02)	3.54 (1.32–6.78)
Soil (mg kg^−1)	9	6.70 (6.16–8.10)	82.2 (62.1–130)	56.8 (38.7–74.8)	44,160 (34,233–53,846)
BIH – Bosnia and Herzegovina. ^aAtmospheric deposits.

Table XII. Estimated average inputs of trace elements to agricultural land in Serbia, output and balance (g ha^–1 year^–1).

Source	Cr	Cd	Ni	Pb	Mn	Cu	Zn	As
Input of trace elements	25.7–117	1.79–49.7	17.1–145	26.6–458	531–2660	266–538	561–9081	1.55–6.04
Atmospheric deposition
Dry deposition^a	5.0–30.2	0.15–69.5	8.29–95.7	0.69–376	97.5–326		21.0–8034
Wet deposition^b	–	1.21–1.77	7.94–9.15	21.2–65.9	70.1–76.9	177–213	461–704
Mineral fertilizers^c	0.73–63.5	0.18–2.90	1.09–18.0	1.27–10.9	1.90–1738^d	2.13–177^d	0.82–67.4^e	0.16–2.09^f
Animal manure^g	20.0–23.0	0.25–0.60	5.49–22.7	3.42–5.25	362–519	86.9–148	78.5–276	1.39–3.95
Output of trace elements
Removal by crops^h	0.29–0.54	0.06–0.82	0.32–1.53	0.65–6.22	10.5–290	4.76–25.0	0.32–294	0.32–2.95
Balance	25.4–116	1.73–50.2	16.8–144	25.9–452	521–2370	261–513	561–8787	1.22–3.09
^aOn the basis of average annual values in a network of 23 urban air sampling units (Institute of Public Health of Serbia “Dr Milan Jovanovic Batut”, 2009). ^bAverage for two experimental stations (Republic Hydrometerological Service of Serbia, 2009). Based on data from Statistical Yearbook of Serbia (2009) and TE concentrations in fertilizers given by ^cStevanović et al. (2009), ^dMilinović et al. (2008), ^eBogdanovic et al. (1999), and ^fSager (1997). ^gBased on data from Statistical Yearbook of Serbia (2009) and TE values given by Nicholson et al. (2003), Bolan et al. (2004), and Kabata-Pendias and Pendias (1992). ^hBased on data from Statistical Yearbook of Serbia (2009) and TE values shown in Tables IV–VI.

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