The soil Na concentration as a background of fertilizer Na recommendation: A case of sugar beet

Figures & data

Table I. Localization and agronomic information for the 20 experiments.

					Dose of fertilizers
					FYM	N	P	K
Year	Locality	Number of field	Cultivar	Previous crop	Mg ha^−1	Kg ha^−1
2003	Bielawy	1	Kristall	Triticale	0	120	20	149
	Bielawy	2	Kristall	Triticale, mustard	0	155	24	100
	Czempiń	3	Kristall	Triticale	40	160	26	149
	Krajewice	4	Izolda	Triticale	40	100	13	83
	Masłowo	5	Zawisza	Wheat, mustard	40	100	26	133
	Sadki	6	Saskia	Wheat, mustard	0	120	26	116
	Sadki	7	Saskia	Triticale, mustard	0	120	26	116
	Sadki	8	Kassandra	Triticale	30	109	17	50
	Sadki	9	Kassandra	Barley, mustard	0	120	17	116
	Sierniki	10	Octavia	Wheat	30	70	18	80
	Śmielin	11	Texas	Triticale	35	80	17	50
	Sokolniki	12	Kristall	Wheat	35	102	0	100
	Wilkonice	13	Ulla	Triticale, mustard	40	57	0	66
	Ziółkowo	14	Korab	Wheat	30	123	17	100
	Ziółkowo	15	Alysa	Wheat	30	142	9	149
2004	Borowo	16	Hetman	Triticale	0	123	0	105
	Borówko	17	Polka	Triticale	40	100	18	74
	Czempiń	18	Dojana	Triticale	0	98	0	66
	Czempiń	19	Dojana	Triticale	30	68	24	33
	Sierniki	20	Kristall	Barley, mustard	20	120	26	100

Table II. Soil properties of the experimental fields at two depths before sugar beet sowing.

Field	Depth (m)	Clay^a (%)	Corg ^b (%)	pH^c	K^d (mg kg^−1)	Na^d (mg kg^−1)
1.	0.0–0.3	11	0.94	6.5	106	9
	0.3–0.6	17	0.60	6.3	52	15
2.	0.0–0.3	11	1.04	6.2	235	10
	0.3–0.6	19	0.65	6.1	139	21
3.	0.0–0.3	6	0.68	7.0	75	10
	0.3–0.6	8	0.44	6.6	51	10
4.	0.0–0.3	10	1.03	7.1	154	8
	0.3–0.6	22	0.67	6.6	69	13
5.	0.0–0.3	7	0.45	6.4	75	8
	0.3–0.6	11	0.30	5.3	56	14
6.	0.0–0.3	6	0.79	7.3	94	6
	0.3–0.6	5	0.45	7.3	91	6
7.	0.0–0.3	14	0.89	7.2	126	10
	0.3–0.6	19	0.53	7.1	90	15
8.	0.0–0.3	5	0.46	7.0	135	6
	0.3–0.6	6	0.31	6.9	85	5
9.	0.0–0.3	8	0.61	7.2	101	5
	0.3–0.6	8	0.40	6.1	63	3
10.	0.0–0.3	7	0.55	7.0	106	6
	0.3–0.6	14	0.35	6.2	102	7
11.	0.0–0.3	8	0.92	7.4	293	11
	0.3–0.6	11	0.60	7.3	190	10
12.	0.0–0.3	12	1.00	5.8	121	16
	0.3–0.6	15	0.66	6.6	42	17
13.	0.0–0.3	7	0.73	6.5	143	5
	0.3–0.6	18	0.47	6.2	68	6
14.	0.0–0.3	9	0.72	6.8	88	7
	0.3–0.6	16	0.47	7.3	48	9
15.	0.0–0.3	14	0.88	6.7	204	12
	0.3–0.6	22	0.56	6.2	97	18
16.	0.0–0.3	5	0.63	5.5	251	6
	0.3–0.6	7	0.42	5.4	116	5
17.	0.0–0.3	5	0.75	5.8	174	10
	0.3–0.6	7	0.49	5.7	106	8
18.	0.0–0.3	2	0.39	5.2	67	3
	0.3–0.6	7	0.25	5.4	182	4
19.	0.0–0.3	2	0.43	5.5	173	9
	0.3–0.6	7	0.28	5.6	195	5
20.	0.0–0.3	7	1.91	7.3	109	9
	0.3–0.6	8	1.09	7.4	42	25
Methods: ^aCasagrande's aerometric method; ^bwet dichromate oxidation; ^c1 M KCl, 1:2.5 m/v ratio; ^d1 M CH3COONH4 pH 7.0; 1:10 m/v ratio.

Table III. Loadings and variance of principal components (after rotation of components) in relation to soil depth.

	Soil depth/Principal components
	0.0–0.3 m				0.3–0.6 m
Independent variable	A/I	A/II	A/III	A/IV	B/I	B/II	B/III
pH	0.68	0.02	0.55	−0.16	0.74	−0.21	−0.18
Corg	0.74	0.56	−0.18	0.01	0.87	0.29	−0.23
ECe	0.92	−0.11	0.05	−0.01	0.86	−0.03	0.34
Clay	0.16	0.80	0.15	0.04	0.10	0.83	−0.28
P	0.05	0.17	0.94	0.12	−0.16	−0.35	0.79
Nmin	0.44	0.58	0.05	−0.28	0.45	0.51	−0.33
Na	0.07	0.70	−0.28	0.40	0.66	0.57	−0.24
K	0.07	0.14	0.10	0.93	−0.17	0.03	0.89
Ca	0.93	0.11	−0.02	0.21	0.95	0.25	−0.07
Mg	−0.21	0.87	0.18	0.04	0.12	0.90	0.18
Variance: explained (etc)	3.00	2.58	1.36	1.20	3.65	2.40	1.90
proportion of total (etc)	0.30	0.26	0.14	0.12	0.36	0.24	0.19
cumulative	0.30	0.56	0.70	0.82	0.36	0.60	0.79
Boldfaced loadings are >0.70.

Table IV. Effect of Na application on the BY, LY, WSY, and parameters of sugar beet quality.

					α-N	Na	K	WSY
Field	Na (Kg ha^−1)	BY (Mg ha^−1)	LY (Mg ha^−1)	SC (%)	mM kg^−1			Mg ha^−1
1.	0	42.5	20.3	20.7	19.1^a	6.3	49.5	7.86
	50	44.1	22.9	20.6	21.4^b	7.8	48.9	8.08
2.	0	53.1	35.7	16.9^b	27.4	6.7	50.5^a	7.66
	50	53.8	34.7	16.3^a	28.1	7.5	54.9^b	7.42
3.	0	40.4	24.5	18.9^b	16.2	5.3^a	36.5	6.83
	50	41.5	24.1	18.5^a	18.2	7.8^b	35.9	6.85
4.	0	45.1	18.0	19.3^b	44.8	10.1	55.3	7.38
	50	45.4	16.2	18.8^a	39.9	14.5	59.4	7.21
5.	0	57.8	25.3	19.6	27.8^a	5.0	35.0^a	10.05
	50	58.8	27.1	19.6	35.1^b	5.2	43.7^b	10.06
6.	0	63.2^a	27.4^b	20.0	17.6	2.3	51.2	11.27^a
	50	68.5^b	22.2^a	19.9	20.6	3.9	54.1	12.05^b
7.	0	51.3	15.0	20.1	19.4	5.5	48.1	9.18
	50	51.1	10.7	19.4	15.0	6.3	45.0	8.86
8.	0	45.1^a	36.5^b	19.3	6.7	2.6	39.1	7.91^a
	50	51.9^b	30.9^a	19.0	8.2	2.7	42.0	8.90^b
9.	0	53.2	23.7	20.6^a	18.0	4.7^a	47.0	9.80
	50	56.1	25.0	20.9^b	19.8	7.1^b	52.2	10.44
10.	0	49.1	22.2	20.2	33.2	6.9	42.9	8.70
	50	51.5	24.4	19.5	29.6	7.5	44.2	8.82
11.	0	46.3	27.0	18.8^b	8.6^b	3.3	34.7^b	7.88
	50	50.4	29.0	18.3^a	5.1^a	3.0	29.5^a	8.42
12.	0	64.2	24.3	19.3	18.8	3.5	36.4	11.06
	50	66.1	23.9	18.9	16.9	3.8	39.7	11.14
13.	0	41.1	27.9	19.3	7.0	4.6	39.2	7.19^a
	50	46.1	31.6	19.6	7.0	3.8	39.0	8.20^b
14.	0	44.4	21.3	19.9	19.9	6.8	46.7	7.88
	50	47.5	20.7	19.7	17.6	5.6	42.0	8.39
15.	0	47.7	17.5	20.3	26.6	8.6	53.2	8.54
	50	49.3	19.2	20.1	32.9	11.2	56.6	8.59
16.	0	53.3	12.9	16.3	39.2	7.2	43.4	7.30
	50	55.5	12.3	16.5	37.2	6.0	40.4	7.74
17.	0	59.1	14.3	17.3	32.6	6.6	37.1	8.79
	50	60.9	15.2	16.9	26.9	5.7	42.0	8.87
18.	0	53.8^a	20.3	16.2	24.6	7.3	52.6	7.42^a
	50	58.8^b	21.4	16.5	23.4	6.8	47.5	8.35^b
19.	0	65.5^a	25.0^a	17.0	19.1	8.5	45.6	9.70
	50	70.0^b	29.5^b	16.8	19.6	7.8	45.6	10.24
20.	0	68.0	32.8	17.8	25.5	2.7	44.0	10.58
	50	67.5	28.8	17.7	25.2	3.6	49.3	10.39
Mean	0	52.2^a	23.6	18.9^a	22.6	5.7^a	44.4	8.65
	50	54.7^b	23.5	18.7^b	22.4	6.4^b	45.6	8.95
Note: For each field separately, means with different letters are statistically different (one-way ANOVA).

Figure 1.  Relationships between WSY increase (in%) to applied NaCl and soil-available Na concentration in 0.0–0.3 m (a), 0.3–0.6 m (b), and 0.0–0.6 m soil depth (c).

Table V. Cluster analysis – yields and sucrose concentration increase (%) in relation to values of principal components (± SD) for soil depth 0.0–0.3 m.

			Values of principal components (±SD)
Number of clusters	Number of cases	Yield increase (%)	A/I	A/II	A/III	A/IV
Beet yield
1	11	8.26^b±3.87	−0.20±0.61	−0.79^a±0.45	0.09±1.04	−0.40±0.64
2	9	2.41^a±1.94	0.17±1.28	0.64^b±0.84	−0.07±1.01	0.33±1.14
Polarization
1	12	−0.09^b±0.31	0.19±1.22	−0.69^a±0.50	−0.06±1.03	−0.02±1.17
2	8	−0.40^a±0.19	−0.29±0.47	1.04^b±0.52	0.10±1.01	0.03±0.76
Sugar yield
1	11	7.16^b±4.51	−0.07±0.84	−0.78^a±0.42	0.08±0.95	0.05±1.20
2	9	−0.60^a±2.17	0.09±1.21	0.95^b±0.55	−0.10±1.11	−0.06±0.76
Note: Means with different letters are statistically different (one-way ANOVA).

Table VI. Cluster analysis – yield and sucrose concentration increase (%) in relation to values of principal components (± SD) for soil depth 0.3–0.6 m.

			Values of principal components
Number of clusters	Number of cases	Yield increase (%)	B/I	B/II	B/III
Beet yield
1	6	8.04^b±4.08	−0.10±0.84	−0.71^a±1.64	1.09^a±0.92
2	10	4.74^ab±3.75	−0.04±1.28	−0.20^ab±0.50	−0.71^b±0.40
3	4	1.27^a±1.45	0.24±0.39	1.58^b±0.64	0.13^ab±0.59
Polarization
1	6	−0.01^b±0.28	−0.14±0.88	−0.51^b±0.48	1.18^ab±0.75
2	9	−0.18^ab±0.23	0.06±1.32	−0.36^a±0.70	−0.77^b±0.33
3	5	−0.54^a±0.19	0.07±0.51	1.26^a±0.90	−0.04^a±0.64
Sugar yield
1	8	8.14^b±4.56	−0.28±0.78	−0.54^a±0.65	0.80^a±0.96
2	8	2.06^ab±3.25	0.15±1.37	−0.25^ab±0.53	−0.86^b±0.25
3	4	−2.06^a±1.80	0.24±0.39	1.58^b±0.64	0.13^ab±0.59
Note: Means with different letters are statistically different (Tukey test, p <0.05).

Table VII. Statistical overview of Na and K content in the soils of isolated clusters, for white sugar yield increase (mg kg⁻¹).

		Na			K
Soil depth, m	Clusters	Mean	SD	Range	Mean	SD	Range
0.0–0.3	1	6.7^a	2.2	3.2–1.0	138.6^a	73.4	67.1–292.7
	2	10.4^b	2.4	7.8–5.8	144.8^a	51.5	74.8–235.1
0.3–0.6	1	5.2^a	1.5	2.5–7.5	113.3^a	49.7	63.2–195.3
	2	13.3^b	5.6	7.3–24.6	72.7^a	50.9	42.1–189.5
	3	16.7^b	3.4	13.1–21.0	98.8^a	29.4	69.0–139.0
Note: For each soil depth separately, means with different letters are statistically different (Tukey test, p <0.05).

Figure 2.  Relationship between WSY increase (in%) to applied NaCl and soil K/Na ratio, calculated for soil-available K and Na (extracted with 1 M ammonium acetate), expressed in kg ha⁻¹ for 0.0–0.6 m soil depth.

Table VIII. Content of availability form of Na in the soil layer 0.0–0.6 m (extracted by ammonium acetate, pH 7.0, 1:10 m/v) and results interpretation for sugar beet fertilization purposes.

	Na concentration, kg ha^−1 (0.0–0.6 m)
Interpretation	<60	60–120	>120
Class	Low	Medium	High
Fertilization of Na	Necessary	Limited	Unnecessary
Dose (kg Na ha^−1)	60–90	0–60	0