Phenotypic diversity analysis of sweetpotato for breeding dual-purpose varieties

Figures & data

Table 1. Description of the 51 sweetpotato genotypes used in this study.

No.	Clone	Origin	Skin colour	Flesh colour
1	49	RAB	Dark purple	White
2	50	RAB	Red	Intermediate orange
3	440165	CIP	Red	White
4	2000-024	RAB	Red	Yellow
5	2002-133	RAB	Purple red	Cream
6	2002-154	RAB	Red	White
7	2002-155	RAB	White	Cream
8	2005-110	RAB	White	Yellow
9	2005-162	RAB	White	Yellow
10	2005-179	RAB	Red	White
11	4-160	RAB	White	White
12	44-0164	CIP	Red	White
13	5-214	RAB	White	White
14	6-468	RAB	Red	White
15	8-1038	RAB	Red	White
16	9-466	RAB	White	White
17	97-062	RAB	Red	Orange
18	Cacearpedo	RAB	Yellow	Orange
19	Carote	CIP	Red	Orange
20	Giteke	Landrace	White	White
21	Hakizakubyara	Landrace	Red	White
22	Imby	CIP	Red	White
23	K5132/61	IITA	Red	White
24	Kakamega 7	CIP	Red	Dark orange
25	KEMB 10	CIP	White	Cream
26	KEMB 37	CIP	Red	White
27	Kwezikumwe	RAB	Yellow	Yellow
28	Kyabafuriki 538	NARO	Cream	White
29	Mafuta	CIP	Cream	Intermediate orange
30	Melesiyana	Landrace	Yellow	White
31	Mugande	RAB	Red	White
32	Naspot 1	NARO	Cream	Yellow
33	NASPOT 10	NARO	Purple red	Deep orange
34	NASPOT 13	NARO	Cream	Intermediate orange
35	NASPOT 8	NARO	Purple red	Yellow
36	NASPOT 9	NARO	Red	Orange
37	NASPOT A	NARO	White	Cream
38	NASPOT W6	NARO	Red	Orange
39	New Kawogo	NARO	Purple red	White
40	OTADA 24	NARO	Red	White
41	RW111-2910	RAB	Red	Light orange
42	RW11-17	RAB	Red	Cream
43	RW11-1860	RAB	White	Pale yellow
44	RW11-2419	RAB	White	White
45	RW11-2560	RAB	Cream	Deep orange
46	RW11-4923	RAB	Purple red	Intermediate orange
47	Seruruseke	Landrace	Red	Yellow
48	SPK-004	KARI	Red	Light orange
49	Ukerewe	RAB	Red	Yellow
50	UW	CIP	Cream	Intermediate orange
51	Wagabolige	CIP	Cream	Intermediate orange

Notes: Where RAB = Rwanda Agriculture Board, CIP = International Potato Centre, NARO: National Agriculture Research Organization/Uganda; IITA = International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, KARI: Kenya Agriculture Research Institute.

Table 2. ANOVA showing mean squares and significance tests of root, vine and root and vine parameters of 51 sweetpotato genotypes evaluated at Rubona and Karama sites of Rwanda during 2015.

Source of variation	DF	Root parameters					Vine parameters					Root and vine parameters
		MRN	MRW	FRY	RDMC	DRY	FVY	VDMC	DVY	VS	FF	RV	TBDW	HI
Sites	1	820.20**	127.03**	3983.80**	593.86**	581.29**	710.89**	22.79	23.43**	442.66**	215.31**	30.14**	838.12**	1.14**
Replications	2	161.49**	6.15**	29.91	24.35	2.04	121.29	7.74	3.11	0.79	43.57	0.46	4.65	0.02
Incomplete blocks	25	20.09*	1.08*	50.61	8.1	5.07	133.82**	10.55	4.67**	1.76*	21.44	2.02*	13.62	0.03*
Genotypes	50	50.45**	2.80**	95.23**	66.30**	10.86**	106.04**	22.73**	3.59**	2.77**	259.18**	3.50**	15.60*	0.06**
Sites × Genotypes	50	31.69**	1.48**	67.08**	18.06*	7.94**	61.18	7.56	2.38	1.07	64.20**	1.31	13.31	0.02*

Notes: DF: degree of freedom; MRN: marketable root number; MRW: marketable root weight; FRY: fresh root yield; RDMC: root dry matter content; DRY: dry root yield; FVY: fresh vine yield; VDMC: vine dry matter content; DVY: dry vine yield; VS: virus score; FR: flowering frequency; RV: root-to-vine ratio; TBDW: total biomass on dry-weight basis; HI: harvest index.

*Significant difference at 5% probability level.

**Significant difference 1% probability level.

Table 3. Mean root and vine-related traits on fresh- and dry-weight bases for 51 sweetpotato genotypes evaluated at Rubona and Karama sites of Rwanda in 2015.

Genotype	FRY (t ha^−1)	RDMC (%)	DRY (t ha^−1)	FVY (t ha^−1)	VDMC (%)	DVY (t ha^−1)	FF (%)	R:V	HI
49	13.35^f–p	36.64^k–s	4.65^f–p	9.43^a–c	25.30^o	2.20^ab	15.00^j–p	2.57^h–m	0.68^p–q
50	5.81^a–e	34.94^f–p	2.03^a–e	18.93^d–i	22.01^e–o	3.97^ab	15.83^j–p	0.46^a	0.31^a
440165	10.95^a–n	35.87^h–s	4.14^c–n	20.53^e–i	21.25^c–l	4.38^ab	3.50^a–d	0.90^a–e	0.41^a–f
2000-024	14.50^h–q	37.82^o–s	5.40^k–q	14.08^a–h	21.71^d–o	2.93^ab	13.67^h–n	2.07^e–l	0.64^l–q
2002-133	12.36^d–o	38.25^p–s	4.95^g–q	18.58^c–i	21.08^b–j	3.86^ab	7.17^b–g	1.19^a–g	0.52^d–m
2002-154	17.87^n–q	29.33^b–d	5.26^j–q	22.28^g–i	19.06^a–e	4.26^ab	1.17^ab	1.40^a–i	0.55^f–p
2002-155	12.67^e–o	30.12^b–e	3.89^b–m	9.03^ab	23.86^i–o	2.00^ab	2.17^a–c	2.67^j–m	0.61^j–q
2005-062	9.96^a–l	37.94^o–s	3.80^a–m	15.99^b–i	23.54^h–o	3.58^ab	14.17^i–o	1.08^a–g	0.51^d–m
2005-110	4.14^a	38.04^o–s	1.61^ab	13.23^a–g	22.14^e–o	3.02^ab	17.17^m–q	0.80^a–d	0.37^a–d
2005-179	10.38^a–l	32.32^c–h	3.31^a–l	16.05^b–i	22.78^e–o	3.16^ab	23.00^q	1.25^a–g	0.52^e–n
4-160	10.59^a–m	34.70^f–p	3.74^a–m	18.90^d–i	19.81^a–h	3.61^ab	12.83^g–n	1.34^a–h	0.52^e–n
44-0164	11.67^b–o	33.37^e–l	3.79^a–m	16.64^b–i	22.61^e–o	3.54^ab	18.33^n–q	0.93^a–e	0.47^b–i
5-214	13.37^f–p	37.35^m–s	5.08^h–q	13.92^a–h	22.51^e–o	3.11^ab	7.83^c–h	1.66^a–k	0.60^i–q
6-468	5.17^a–c	32.90^d–k	1.83^a–c	12.46^a–e	20.83^b–j	2.58^ab	0.50^a	0.67^a–c	0.37^a–c
8-1038	17.63^m–q	30.17^b–e	5.19^i–q	16.18^b–i	19.73^a–g	3.02^ab	18.33^n–q	1.50^a–k	0.55^f–p
9-466	15.16^i–q	27.36^ab	4.13^c–n	22.75^hi	17.69^a–c	3.97^ab	1.50^ab	1.03^a–f	0.49^c–j
97-062	14.03^g–q	26.97^ab	3.74^a–m	13.37^a–g	21.90^e–o	2.79^ab	16.17^k–p	1.56^a–k	0.59^h–q
Cacearpedo	15.21^j–q	35.13^g–q	5.42^k–q	13.46^a–g	25.10^m–o	3.43^ab	1.33^ab	2.13^e–l	0.58^h–q
Carote	6.41^a–f	36.95^l–s	2.36^a–f	9.37^ab	25.02^l–o	2.20^ab	5.17^a–f	1.33^a–h	0.50^c–l
Giteke	10.29^a–l	36.42^j–s	3.84^a–m	18.93^d–i	19.54^a–f	3.61^ab	7.17^b–g	1.15^a–g	0.52^d–m
Hakizakubyara	5.34^a–d	36.98^l–s	1.98^a–d	14.96^a–i	21.81^e–o	3.26^ab	8.50^d–i	0.62^ab	0.37^a–d
Imby	11.68^b–o	33.53^e–m	4.03^b–m	13.78^a–h	21.60^d–o	2.93^ab	17.00^m–q	1.51^a–k	0.57^g–q
K5132/61	9.15^a–k	31.48^c–g	2.88^a–j	15.18^a–i	21.02^b–j	3.04^ab	16.33^l–p	0.90^a–e	0.42^a–f
Kakamega 7	20.08^pq	29.99^b–e	6.13^m–q	12.99^a–f	25.37^o	3.29^ab	4.17^a–e	2.23^f–l	0.63^l–q
Kemb 10	11.47^b–o	36.84^l–s	4.04^b–m	16.61^b–i	24.26^j–o	4.02^ab	5.33^a–f	1.15^a–g	0.52^e–n
Kemb 37	8.52^a–j	31.24^c–f	2.76^a–i	8.39^ab	22.22^e–o	1.88^ab	0.50^a	1.60^a–k	0.61^j–q
Kwezikumwe	12.19^c–o	34.58^f–p	4.33^d–o	14.93^a–i	21.84^e–o	1.60^ab	12.50^g–n	1.74^b–l	0.60^i–q
Kyabafurika 538	11.31^a–o	37.29^m–s	4.32^d–o	10.54^a–d	21.16^b–k	2.21^ab	1.00^a	2.33^g–l	0.64^l–q
Mafuta	10.95^a–n	37.51^n–s	4.09^c–n	6.07^a	25.15^no	1.34^a	2.50^a–d	3.69^m	0.71^q
Melesiyana	8.00^a–i	39.46^s	3.23^a–k	18.60^d–i	21.77^e–o	4.12^ab	2.17^a–c	0.70^a–c	0.39^a–e
Mugande	12.57^e–o	33.64^e–m	4.51^f–p	21.34^e–i	17.37^ab	1.80^ab	0.50^a	1.21^a–g	0.49^c–k
Naspot 1	15.61^j–q	35.65^h–s	5.57^k–q	13.63^a–h	21.04^b–j	2.74^ab	9.83^e–j	2.04^d–l	0.63^j–q
Naspot 10	16.94^l–q	32.60^c–i	5.71^l–q	12.8^a–f	23.07^f–o	2.90^ab	3.00^a–d	2.10^e–l	0.65^m–q
Naspot 13	16.08^k–q	36.98^l–s	6.50^n–q	21.65^f–j	21.46^c–n	4.57^ab	2.00^a–c	1.24^a–g	0.49^c–k
Naspot 8	12.50^d–o	32.71^c–g	4.12^c–n	15.55^b–i	21.20^c–k	3.09^ab	12.83^g–n	1.36^a–i	0.55^f–p
Naspot 9	16.55^l–q	32.81^d–j	5.61^k–q	10.81^a–d	21.31^c–m	2.28^ab	3.17^a–d	2.62^i–m	0.69^p–q
Naspot A	12.35^c–o	36.32^i–s	4.64^f–p	10.94^a–d	21.99^e–o	2.35^ab	15.33^j–p	1.91^c–l	0.61^j–q
Naspot W6	4.53^ab	31.63^c–g	1.45^a	13.27^a–g	22.74^e–o	2.94^ab	18.33^n–q	0.53^ab	0.34^ab
New Kawogo	10.38^a–l	33.99^f–n	3.79^a–m	16.59^b–i	17.90^a–d	2.78^ab	10.17^e–k	1.56^a–k	0.53^f–o
OTADA 24	11.97^c–o	39.15^rs	4.68^f–q	21.19^e–i	23.44^g–o	4.56^ab	3.67^a–d	1.20^a–g	0.52^d–m
RW11-17	7.71^a–h	34.31^f–o	2.62^a–g	16.76^b–i	21.81^e–o	3.17^ab	1.83^a–c	0.79^a–d	0.42^a–f
RW11-1860	13.17^f–p	35.62^h–r	4.67^f–q	9.96^a–d	22.41^e–o	2.22^ab	10.33^f–l	2.23^f–l	0.68^p–q
RW11-2419	20.18^p–q	31.30^c–f	6.60^o–q	12.86^a–f	22.30^e–o	2.80^ab	0.67^a	2.75^k–m	0.66^n–q
RW11-2560	16.76^l–q	24.87^a	4.30^d–o	18.71^d–i	22.49^e–o	4.23^ab	11.83^g–m	1.34^a–h	0.45^b–h
RW11-2910	11.61^b–o	37.30^m–s	4.45^e–p	10.37^a–d	23.50^g–o	2.28^ab	20.50^p–q	2.00^d–l	0.59^h–q
RW11-4923	20.91^q	33.99^f–n	6.80^pq	23.67^i	22.76^e–o	5.07^b	13.00^g–n	1.43^a–j	0.58^h–q
Seruruseke	15.66^j–q	38.89^q–s	6.14^m–q	10.1^a–d	23.27^f–o	2.22^ab	13.83^h–o	3.73^m	0.68^p–q
SPK004	6.99^a–g	36.80^l–s	2.69^a–h	11.05^a–d	24.94^k–o	2.69^ab	19.83^o–q	0.96^a–e	0.43^a–g
Ukerewe	18.25^o–q	37.57^n–s	7.09^q	16.17^b–i	20.08^a–i	3.24^ab	16.33^l–p	2.16^e–l	0.63^k–q
UW	11.99^c–o	28.95^bc	3.43^a–l	10.03^a–d	22.46^e–o	2.09^ab	18.33^n–q	2.93^lm	0.67^o–q
Wagabolige	13.84^g–q	38.83^q–s	5.22^j–q	23.45^i	16.68^a	3.81^ab	0.67^a	1.46^a–j	0.58^h–q
Mean: Rubona site	16.45	36.46	5.9	17.16	21.69	3.54	10.04	2	0.61
Mean: Karama site	8.12	32.37	2.59	12.91	22.15	2.74	8.71	1.23	0.47
Grand mean	12.29	34.42	4.25	15.04	21.92	3.14	9.37	1.6	0.54
CV (%)	7.5	9.7	5.5	13.2	15.3	9.9	10.9	4.8	2.6

Notes: FRY: fresh root yield; RDMC: root dry matter content; DRY: dry root yield; FVY: fresh vine yield; VDMC: vine dry matter content; DVY: dry vine yield; FF: flowering frequency; RV: root-to-vine ratio; HI: harvest index. Means in a column with the same letter(s) are not significantly different at P < .05.

Figure 1. Dendogram showing 6 main clusters of 51 sweetpotato genotypes evaluated using root, vine and related parameters across 2 sites in Rwanda.

Table 4. Eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the first 4 PCs of 13 storage root and vine-related parameters of 51 sweetpotato genotypes evaluated at the Rubona and Karama sites of Rwanda in 2015.

No.	Trait	PC
		1	2	3	4
1	MRN	0.82	−0.16	−0.18	−0.18
2	MRW	0.86	0.07	−0.25	−0.24
3	FRY	0.96	0.08	−0.16	−0.05
4	RDMC	−0.12	−0.03	0.89	−0.05
5	DRY	0.96	0.07	0.16	−0.06
6	FVY	0.12	0.98	0.02	−0.02
7	VDMC	−0.04	−0.60	0.23	0.01
8	DVY	0.13	0.93	0.13	0.01
9	VS	0.03	0.06	−0.41	−0.38
10	FF	−0.20	0.00	−0.22	0.67
11	RV	0.61	−0.71	0.04	−0.08
12	TBDW	0.83	0.49	0.19	−0.04
13	HI	−0.08	0.03	0.19	0.74
Eigenvalues		4.65	2.91	1.34	1.09
Variance (%)		35.81	22.41	10.28	7.83
Cumulative variance (%)		35.81	58.22	68.50	76.33

Note: Bold face font denote high correlations between the trait and PC.

Figure 2. GGE interaction bi-plot for FRY of 51 sweetpotato genotypes evaluated at the Karama and Rubona sites in 2016.

Figure 3. GGE interaction bi-plot for FVY of 51 sweetpotato genotypes evaluated at the Karama and Rubona sites in 2016.