Hyphosphere regulation of earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on soil N and P availability

Figures & data

Figure 1. Dynamic change of AMF biomass (HLD) in CK, E, AM and AM + E treatments from VT to R4 stage. Bars represent means ± SEs (n = 4). CK stands for the chamber without earthworm and hypahe addition; E for the chamber with earthworms; AM for the chamber with indigenous hyphae access; AM + E for the chamber with earthworms and indigenous hyphae access.

Figure 2. Dynamic changes of earthworms biomass in AM and AM + E treatments from VT to R4 stage. Bars represent means ± SEs (n = 4). E stands for the chamber with earthworms; AM + E for the chamber with earthworms and indigenous hyphae access.

Table 1. Dynamic change of inorganic nitrogen and available phosphorus in the chambers.

		VT stage	R1 stage	R2 stage	R3 stage	R4 stage
(mg kg^−1)	E	27.66 ± 2.90^(a^)	39.71 ± 5.41^(a)	39.08 ± 3.21^(a)	23.98 ± 6.42^(a)	9.02 ± 0.88^(a)
	AM	27.66 ± 2.90^(a)	25.40 ± 5.77^(b)	25.99 ± 7.01^(b)	12.81 ± 6.31^(a)	5.56 ± 1.56^(b)
	AM + E	27.66 ± 2.90^(a)	24.48 ± 3.21^(b)	27.89 ± 7.91^(ab)	17.55 ± 7.20^(a)	5.34 ± 2.94^(b)
	CK	27.66 ± 2.90^(a)	30.99 ± 7.85^(ab)	28.58 ± 5.04^(ab)	17.93 ± 5.70^(a)	6.82 ± 0.27^(ab)
(mg kg^−1)	E	8.22 ± 1.27^(a)	6.66 ± 1.41^(a)	3.62 ± 0.29^(a)	2.51 ± 0.32^(a)	3.73 ± 0.65^(a)
	AM	8.22 ± 1.27^(a)	4.69 ± 0.67^(a)	1.47 ± 0.36^(b)	1.02 ± 0.39^(ab)	1.03 ± 0.62^(b)
	AM + E	8.22 ± 1.27^(a)	6.44 ± 1.43^(a)	1.94 ± 1.01^(b)	0.84 ± 0.19^(b)	0.73 ± 0.57^(b)
	CK	8.22 ± 1.27^(a)	5.45 ± 1.75^(a)	2.84 ± 0.56^(ab)	1.80 ± 1.13^(ab)	0.74 ± 0.25^(b)
Available phosphorus (mg kg^−1)	E	16.34 ± 0.97^(a)	15.04 ± 0.75^(a)	15.17 ± 1.18^(a)	15.55 ± 1.02^(a)	13.65 ± 0.55^(a)
	AM	16.34 ± 0.97^(a)	12.43 ± 0.32^(b)	10.13 ± 0.55^(b)	8.15 ± 0.67^(c)	6.18 ± 0.14^(b)
	AM + E	16.34 ± 0.97^(a)	12.11 ± 0.84^(b)	11.01 ± 0.23^(b)	9.28 ± 0.12^(c)	8.55 ± 0.35^(c)
	CK	16.34 ± 0.97^(a)	14.96 ± 1.02^(a)	14.37 ± 1.30^(a)	14.11 ± 0.56^(b)	13.92 ± 1.38^(a)

Note: Data are the means of four replicates ± SD and were compared by Duncan's multiple range tests, different letters in the same column are significantly different at p<0.05. Within each column (four values), the values with the same lower case letter are not significantly different. CK stands for the chamber without earthworm and hypahe addition; E for the chamber with earthworms; AM for the chamber with indigenous hyphae access; AM + E for the chamber with earthworms and indigenous hyphae access.

Table 2. Variance analysis of mycorrhizal hyphae, earthworms and sampling stages.

Factors	Hyphal length density (m g^−1)	Earthworms biomass (g)	Available phosphorus (mg kg^−1)	(mg kg^−1)	(mg kg^−1)	Urease activity (NH3-N/mg g^−1 soil d^−1)	Alkaline phosphatase (Phenol/mg g^−1 soil d^−1)
Significance^a due to
AM×	0.0001	0.1478	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001
E×	0.0911	0.0001	0.0001	0.0011	0.0001	0.0001	0.0015
T×	0.0001	0.0032	0.0001	0.0002	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001
AM × E ×	0.2132	0.3061	0.8294	0.0007	0.0001	0.0136	0.5477
AM × T ×	0.0001	0.2921	0.0001	0.2938	0.0905	0.0001	0.3774
E × T ×	0.3937	0.0186	0.0728	0.7233	0.1918	0.0252	0.8167
AM × E × T ×	0.8803	0.8231	0.3748	0.7527	0.0952	0.1632	0.3556

Note: E stands for the chamber with earthworms; AM for the chamber with indigenous hyphae access; T for different sample satge; n = 4.

^aBy analysis of variance.

Figure 3. Dynamic change of alkaline phosphatase activities in CK, E, AM and AM + E treatments from VT to R4 stage. Bars represent means ± SEs (n = 4). CK stands for the chamber without earthworm and hypahe addition; E for the chamber with earthworms; AM for the chamber with indigenous hyphae access; AM + E for the chamber with earthworms and indigenous hyphae access.

Figure 4. Dynamic change of urease activities in CK, E, AM and AM + E treatments from VT to R4 stage. Bars represent means ± SEs (n = 4). CK stands for the chamber without earthworm and hypahe addition; E for the chamber with earthworms; AM for the chamber with indigenous hyphae access; AM + E for the chamber with earthworms and indigenous hyphae access.

Figure 5. Independent and interactive action of earthworms and hyphae on the properties of the soil available nutrients and the corresponding enzymes activities in the chambers, harvested at four stages in ordination diagrams from RDA. The coordinate from the first two ordination axes explained 52.5% of the variance. The significance (according to Monte Carlo permutation tests) of all canonical axes was P = 0.003, indicating that the presence of soil organisms had a significant influence on the soil properties, HLD content and enzymes activities in the chambers. CK stands for the chambers without hyphae pass through and earthworms addition; E for the chambers with earthworms addition; AM for the chambers with hyphae pass through; AM + E for the chambers with both hyphae and earthworms.