Alkaline coal fly ash amendments are recommended for improving rice-peanut crops

Figures & data

Table I. Physical and chemical properties of soil (0–20 cm depth) of experimental site.

Soil property	Value	Method
Particle size distribution
1. Sand (g kg^−1)	594	Pipette method (Piper, 1950)
2. Silt (g kg^−1)	209
3. Clay (g kg^−1)	197
Bulk density (Mg m^−3)	1.67	Core Sampler (Piper, 1950)
pH (1:2.5, soil:water)	5.32	Glass electrode pH meter (Jackson, 1967)
Organic carbon (g kg^−1)	2.90	Walkley-Black Method (Jackson, 1973)
Total N (g kg^−1)	0.42	Modified Kjeldahl Method (Chapman and Pratt, 1961)
Total P (g kg^−1)	0.40	Perchloric acid method (Jackson, 1973)
Total K (g kg^−1)	1.44	HF-acid decomposition (Chapman and Pratt,1961)
Available N (mg kg^−1)	75.0	Alkaline KMnO4 (Subbaiah and Asija, 1956)
Available P (mg kg^−1)	7.2	NH4-F extraction (Jackson, 1973)
Available K (mg kg^−1)	51.0	NH4OAc-extraction (Jackson, 1973)

Table II. Physical and chemical properties of the soil amendments used in the experiment.

Particulars	Fly ash	Farmyard manure	Paper factory sludge	Crop residue
Bulk density Mg m^−3	0.9	0.51	0.61	0.48
pH	7.7	5.75	5.54	–
Organic C, g kg^−1	3	202	182	447
N, g kg^−1	0.4	11.3	8.6	11.2
P, g kg^−1	3.2	3.7	1.7	1.5
K, g kg^−1	2.5	4.7	1.8	4.7

Table III. Yield components and yield of rice as influenced by direct application of different fertilization treatments during rainy seasons of 1997 (first season) and 1998 (third season).

Treatments	Number of panicles m^−2	Number of grains per panicle	Grain yield, t/ha	Straw yield, t/ha	Number of panicles m^−2	Number of grains per panicle	Grain yield, t/ha	Straw yield, t/ha
	1997				1998
Control	264	45.5	2.44	2.94	231	42.2	1.60	2.45
FA*	297	50.1	2.58	3.25	264	47.8	1.84	2.81
CF	386	73.0	3.79	4.78	360	73.5	3.70	4.68
FA + CF	380	74.0	3.88	4.80	419	80.2	4.15	5.05
FYM + CF	396	75.5	3.98	4.64	409	75.4	4.01	4.81
FA + FYM + CF	409	79.0	4.17	4.88	439	78.5	4.25	5.12
L + FYM + CF	350	71.2	3.73	4.60	363	74.0	3.79	4.72
PFS + CF	396	74.2	3.96	4.93	403	74.8	3.99	4.99
FA + PFS + CF	406	78.2	4.15	5.29	429	77.0	4.20	5.23
L + PFS + CF	370	70.0	3.73	4.65	350	74.2	3.74	4.74
CR + CF	380	72.5	3.87	4.92	446	76.5	4.03	4.83
FA + CR + CF	396	74.3	3.96	5.29	416	77.6	4.22	5.12
SE(m)±	21.5	3.06	0.16	0.20	18.3	2.26	0.14	0.22
LSD(P = 0.05)	62	8.9	0.45	0.58	53	6.6	0.40	0.64
*FA: fly ash; CF: chemical fertilizer; FYM: farmyard manure; L: lime; PFS: paper factory sludge; CR: crop residue; SE(m): standard error of mean; LSD: least significant difference.

Table IV. Uptake (kg ha⁻¹) of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in rice grain and straw as influenced by direct application of different fertilization treatments during rainy seasons of 1997 (first season) and 1998 (third season).

	N		P		K
Treatments	Grain	Straw	Grain	Straw	Grain	Straw
	1997
Control	26.0	14.4	6.4	2.86	6.0	28.9
FA*	28.4	17.6	7.9	3.47	6.8	36.3
CF	44.6	27.5	10.7	4.77	9.7	46.8
FA + CF	43.4	27.7	13.0	5.28	10.9	53.7
FYM + CF	45.6	27.1	11.6	4.99	11.2	51.1
FA + FYM + CF	48.4	29.4	14.3	5.54	12.5	55.4
L + FYM + CF	43.3	24.5	11.5	5.06	10.2	57.0
PFS + CF	46.1	30.5	12.2	5.39	10.5	53.5
FA + PFS + CF	49.7	32.7	13.9	6.37	12.8	67.3
L + PFS + CF	44.0	25.6	12.1	5.20	9.8	55.2
CR + CF	44.2	28.4	11.6	5.16	11.6	55.9
FA + CR + CF	47.8	32.7	12.9	5.91	12.5	66.0
SE (m)±	1.78	1.14	0.49	0.215	0.44	2.23
LSD (p = 0.05)	5.2	3.3	1.4	0.63	1.3	6.5
	1998
Control	17.6	12.4	4.4	2.42	4.2	35.6
FA	20.5	15.5	5.7	2.92	5.0	41.1
CF	42.4	26.2	10.8	4.79	9.8	68.9
FA + CF	47.8	28.7	13.1	5.39	11.3	74.7
FYM + CF	47.3	28.1	12.0	4.96	10.6	70.3
FA + FYM + CF	50.5	31.3	14.6	6.26	12.0	75.8
L + FYM + CF	45.0	28.0	12.0	6.01	11.7	72.9
PFS + CF	47.5	30.0	13.0	5.58	10.9	72.1
FA + PFS + CF	50.3	32.4	14.8	6.30	12.6	77.4
L + PFS + CF	44.1	28.3	12.2	5.62	11.2	70.8
CR + CF	47.5	28.7	12.1	5.03	12.8	71.5
FA + CR + CF	50.5	31.7	14.1	6.08	14.1	76.7
SE (m)±	1.62	1.17	0.45	0.223	0.39	2.91
LSD (p = 0.05)	4.7	3.4	1.3	0.65	1.1	8.5
*FA: fly ash; CF: chemical fertilizer; FYM: farmyard manure; L: lime; PFS; paper factory sludge; CR: crop residue; SE (m): standard error of mean; LSD: least significant difference.

Table V. Effect of different fertilization treatments on yield components and yield of peanut during dry seasons of 1998 (second season) and 1999 (fourth season).

Treatment	Number of pods per plant	Shelling (%)	100- kernel weight (g)	Pod yield, t/ha	Haulm yield, t/ha	Number of pods per plant	Shelling (%)	100- kernel weight (g)	Pod yield, t/ha	Haulm yield, t/ha
	1998					1999
Control	7.0	69.0	36.6	1.21	2.05	9.0	68.4	37.2	1.27	3.08
FA*	14.5	72.8	40.0	2.60	4.15	16.0	68.5	40.5	2.53	5.05
CF	14.0	72.4	39.0	2.44	4.25	13.0	70.2	39.4	2.35	5.00
FA + CF	16.5	72.0	40.2	2.69	4.25	17.0	71.8	40.7	2.89	5.20
FYM + CF	15.2	73.0	40.2	2.65	4.42	16.8	71.8	39.0	2.80	4.82
FA + FYM + CF	17.0	73.0	40.7	2.86	4.36	17.6	72.5	41.2	3.05	5.22
L + FYM + CF	17.5	74.0	41.0	3.08	4.26	17.2	73	41.4	3.16	5.30
PFS + CF	14.5	73.3	39.1	2.63	3.97	16.2	70.6	39.2	2.84	4.90
FA + PFS + CF	17.4	74.0	40.0	2.82	4.29	18.0	73.2	40.5	3.13	5.25
L + PFS + CF	16.4	73.8	40.5	2.89	4.18	18.0	72.5	40.6	3.19	5.15
CR + CF	16.5	72.8	38.9	2.69	4.45	16.5	72.2	40.8	2.92	5.18
FA + CR + CF	16.7	73.0	39.8	2.85	4.61	17.4	72.7	41.2	3.09	5.35
SE (m)±	0.84	0.72	0.69	0.12	0.23	1.20	1.42	0.83	0.16	0.25
LSD(p=0.05)	2.5	2.1	2.0	0.34	0.69	3.5	NS	2.4	0.47	0.72
*FA: fly ash; CF: chemical fertilizer; FYM: farmyard manure; L: lime; PFS: paper factory sludge; CR: crop residue; SE (m): standard error of mean; LSD: least significant difference.

Table VI. Effect of different fertilization treatments on uptake (kg ha⁻¹) of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in peanut kernel and haulm during dry seasons of 1998 (second season) and 1999 (fourth season).

	N		P		K
Treatments	Kernel	Haulm	Kernel	Haulm	Kernel	Haulm
	1998
Control	29.9	20.3	2.32	2.88	4.0	7.2
FA*	69.8	41.8	5.79	6.27	9.7	15.7
CF	64.5	42.5	5.09	6.12	8.9	15.3
FA + CF	71.7	43.2	6.28	6.50	10.3	16.4
FYM + CF	69.2	43.4	5.93	6.77	9.9	15.9
FA + FYM + CF	79.2	45.5	6.95	7.10	11.3	16.5
L + FYM + CF	87.1	43.7	8.01	7.40	11.7	17.2
PFS + CF	68.7	37.8	5.54	6.00	9.9	14.3
FA + PFS + CF	78.3	44.8	6.57	6.91	11.1	15.8
L + PFS + CF	80.5	41.8	7.09	7.00	10.9	16.6
CR + CF	70.2	43.7	5.82	6.77	10.4	17.6
FA + CR + CF	76.5	46.5	6.92	7.13	11.6	19.1
SE (m)±	3.20	2.36	0.273	0.364	0.45	0.88
LSD(p = 0.05)	9.4	6.9	0.80	1.07	1.3	2.6
	1999
Control	30.1	35.5	2.58	3.41	4.3	8.3
FA	61.1	60.0	5.77	7.27	9.4	17.7
CF	59.5	58.5	5.05	7.11	8.6	17.1
FA + CF	76.4	63.2	7.26	7.96	11.6	19.2
FYM + CF	76.2	60.3	6.52	7.38	12.7	17.4
FA + FYM + CF	86.0	71.0	7.96	8.46	14.3	21.1
L + FYM + CF	88.8	65.8	9.15	9.06	14.8	18.6
PFS + CF	75.8	59.5	6.15	6.62	12.1	18.5
FA + PFS + CF	88.1	67.6	8.46	8.03	14.7	21.7
L + PFS + CF	87.3	65.4	8.73	8.81	15.2	19.9
CR + CF	79.1	63.8	6.85	7.45	13.3	20.5
FA + CR + CF	86.2	68.4	8.09	8.67	14.8	23.1
SE (m)±	4.63	3.08	0.422	0.370	0.76	0.95
LSD(p = 0.05)	13.6	9.0	1.24	1.09	2.2	2.8
*FA: fly ash; CF: chemical fertilizer; FYM: farmyard manure; L: lime; PFS: paper factory sludge; CR: crop residue; SE (m): standard error of mean; LSD: least significant difference.

Figure 1.  Effect of different fertilization treatments on oil content of peanut kernel during dry season of 1998 (second season) and 1999 (fourth season). The bars represent SE.

Figure 2.  Effect of different fertilization treatments on bulk density, organic carbon content, pH, and available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content of soil after harvest of rainy and dry season crops during 1997–1999.

Figure 3.  Effect of different fertilization treatments on dehydrogenase activity of soil after harvest of rice during rainy seasons 1997 and 1998 and after harvest of peanut during dry seasons 1998 and 1999. The bars represent SE.

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