15-Deoxy-Δ^12,14-prostaglandin J₂ as an electrophilic mediator

Figures & data

Fig. 1. A revised pathway of PGD₂ metabolism.

Fig. 2. Michael-type addition of 15d-PGJ₂ to cysteine residues of protein.

Fig. 3. 15d-PGJ₂-induced intracellular redox alteration.

Notes: 15d-PGJ₂ directly modifies thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase and induces the intracellular redox alteration and ROS-dependent cell death.

Fig. 4. Schematic mechanism of p53-dependent apoptosis induced by 15d-PGJ₂.

Notes: 15d-PGJ₂ activates p53 pathway through covalent modification of ATM, a protein kinase that phosphorylates p53, and thereby induces p53-dependent apoptotic cell death. 15d-PGJ₂ also inhibits the degradation of p53 protein via covalent modification of proteasome.