Acetic acid enhances endurance capacity of exercise-trained mice by increasing skeletal muscle oxidative properties

Figures & data

Fig. 1. Effects of dietary acetic acid on body weight of sedentary and trained groups (A and B, respectively), body weight gain (C), and visceral fat depot (D) of exercise-trained mice.

Notes: Animals were subjected to the exercise training program for 8 weeks. Visceral fat depot includes epididymal, mesenteric, and retroperitoneal fat. Values represent mean ± SE (n = 6). *Significantly different from respective control (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01). ^†S-control vs. Ex-Control (p < 0.05).

Fig. 2. Effects of dietary acetic acid on endurance running time.

Notes: Endurance capacity was evaluated with treadmill exercise every 2 weeks. Values represent mean ± SE (n = 6). *Significantly different from Ex-Control (p < 0.05).

Table 1. Serum parameters.

	S-Control	S-Acetic acid	Ex-Control	Ex-Acetic acid	Effects (p value)^a
					E	A	E × A
Glucose, mg/dL	38.6 ± 1.54	40.2 ± 0.99	40.0 ± 0.78	35.17 ± 1.47*	0.286	0.005	0.634
Cholesterol, mg/dL	14.8 ± 0.44	15.0 ± 1.16	13.5 ± 0.39	9.63 ± 1.43	0.034	0.264	0.205
TG, mg/dL	0.64 ± 0.18	0.46 ± 0.13	0.42 ± 0.12	0.57 ± 0.14	0.905	0.905	0.915
NEFA, μEq/L	107.4 ± 12.89	89.4 ± 3.34	110.8 ± 3.06	87.25 ± 8.71*	0.945	0.028	0.749
Urea nitrogen, mg/dL	6.5 ± 0.27	6.0 ± 0.04	6.15 ± 0.22	4.18 ± 0.84*	0.020	0.010	0.109
Creatine kinase, IU/L	36.5 ± 5.55	36.6 ± 1.31	50.67 ± 13.68	62.0 ± 3.02	0.040	0.559	0.573
Lactate, mM	1.12 ± 0.11	1.21 ± 0.12	1.07 ± 0.12	1.07 ± 0.11	0.810	0.383	0.267

At the end of study, the animals ran for 30 min according to the training protocol and were sacrificed by Avertin (2,2,2-tribromoethanol) asphyxiation. Values represent means ± SE (n = 6).

^a E, Exercise; A, Acetic acid.

^* Significantly different from control (p < 0.05).

Fig. 3. Effects of dietary acetic acid on selected gene expressions for fat oxidation (A, B), and protein expressions (C) from soleus muscle of exercise-trained mice.

Notes: ACC2, acetyl CoA carboxylase; CPT1β, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 beta; UCP2, uncoupling protein 3; UCP3, uncoupling protein 3; HSL, hormone-sensitive lipase; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; pAMPK, phosphorylated AMPK; PPARδ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ; MHC I, myosin heavy chain I; MHCIIa, myosin heavy chain IIa; MHC IIb, myosin heavy chain IIb; LKB1, Liver kinase B1; PGC-1α, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α. Relative quantities of each gene were presented in terms of 2^–ΔΔCt, calculated using the ΔC_t and ΔΔC_t values. Values represent means ± SE (n = 3). *Significantly different from Ex-Control (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).