Administration of a maple syrup extract to mitigate their hepatic inflammation induced by a high-fat diet: a transcriptome analysis

Figures & data

Table 1. Body weights, serum biochemical parameters, and hepatic biochemical parameters for the three groups, LFD, HFD, and MSX^a.

	LFD	HFD	MSX
Final body weight (g)	29.01 ± 0.70^a	32.66 ± 1.31^b	31.88 ± 0.72^ab
Body weight gain (g)	13.18 ± 0.85^a	16.46 ± 0.99^b	15.90 ± 0.57^ab
Liver weight (g)	1.113 ± 0.032	0.998 ± 0.104	1.058 ± 0.025
Serum biochemical parameters
Triacylglycerol (mg/dL)	25.75 ± 7.95^a	71.60 ± 9.08^b	73.2 ± 10.38^b
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	124.3 ± 4.2	147.2 ± 7.5	145.2 ± 7.1
Glucose (mg/dL)	177.5 ± 16.8	185.0 ± 14.1	188.0 ± 8.3
Glycoalbumin (%)	3.14 ± 0.17	3.54 ± 0.07	3.43 ± 0.12
Hepatic biochemical parameters
Triacylglycerol (mg/g wet liver)	79.30 ± 12.02	93.5 ± 13.97	76.36 ± 4.41
Total cholesterol (mg/g wet liver)	4.08 ± 0.19^a	2.79 ± 0.19^b	2.66 ± 0.07^b

^a LFD: low-fat diet (n = 8), HFD: high-fat diet (n = 10), and MSX: MSX-added high-fat diet (n = 10). Each value is the mean ± SEM. Values not sharing a common letter are significantly different at p < 0.05.

Table 2. GO terms significantly enriched (FDR-corrected p < 0.05) among the 177 probe sets that were up-regulated in the HFD group compared with the LFD group and down-regulated in the MSX group compared with the HFD group, 171 of which were inversely correlated.

Table 3. Genes related to the GO terms of lipid metabolic process and immune response.

Affymetrix ID	RefSeq transcript ID	Gene name
(A) Down-regulated in the HFD group compared with the LFD group and up-regulated in the MSX group compared with the HFD group
Lipid metabolic process
1422996_at	NM_134188	Acyl-CoA thioesterase 2
1422925_s_at	NM_134246	Acyl-CoA thioesterase 3
1417130_s_at	NM_020581	Angiopoietin-like 4
1442277_at	NM_001025566 /// NM_013490	Choline kinase alpha
1418780_at	NM_018887	Cytochrome P450, family 39, subfamily a, polypeptide 1
1424943_at	NM_001252539 /// NM_201640	Cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily a, polypeptide 31
1417403_at	NM_130450	ELOVL family member 6, elongation of long-chain fatty acids (yeast)
1416021_a_at	NM_010634 /// XR_105655	Fatty acid-binding protein 5, epidermal /// predicted gene 3601
1423680_at	NM_146094	Fatty acid desaturase 1
1449325_at	NM_019699	Fatty acid desaturase 2
1421011_at	NM_053262	Hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 11
1456156_at	NM_001122899 /// NM_010704 /// NM_146146	Leptin receptor
1418288_at	NM_001130412 /// NM_015763 /// NM_172950	Lipin 1
1424715_at	NM_026159	Retinol saturase (all-trans-retinol 13,14-reductase)
1415964_at	NM_009127	Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1
1448506_at	NM_007618	Serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 6
Immune response
1417761_at	NM_007468	Apolipoprotein A-IV
1421818_at	NM_009744	B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 6
1453851_a_at	NM_011817	Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible 45 gamma
1421653_a_at	NM_001024700	Immunoglobulin heavy chain 2 (serum iga) /// immunoglobulin heavy chain (J558 family) /// similar to immunoglobulin mu-chain
1420515_a_at	NM_021319	Peptidoglycan recognition protein 2
1429399_at	NM_026301	Ring finger protein 125
(B) Up-regulated in HFD group compared with LFD group and down-regulated in MSX group compared with HFD group
Lipid metabolic process
1457403_at	NM_001033819	RIKEN cDNA 9130409I23 gene
1456081_a_at	NM_030210	Acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase
1418601_at	NM_011921	Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1, subfamily A7
1417257_at	NM_009885	Carboxyl ester lipase
1415805_at	NM_025469	Colipase, pancreatic
1423804_a_at	NM_145360	Isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase
1449385_at	NM_013786	Hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 6
1427377_x_at	NM_001012306 /// NM_001161742 /// NM_001161743 /// NM_001161744 /// NM_001161745	Hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3-beta- and steroid delta-isomerase 3
1451737_at	NM_001024955 /// NM_001077495	Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, regulatory subunit, polypeptide 1 (p85 alpha)
1437015_x_at	NM_011107	Phospholipase A2, group IB, pancreas
1433431_at	NM_026925	Pancreatic lipase
1415777_at	NM_018874	Pancreatic lipase-related protein 1
1437438_x_at	NM_011128	Pancreatic lipase-related protein 2
1419075_s_at	NM_009117	Serum amyloid A 1
1423078_a_at	NM_025436	Sterol-C4-methyl oxidase-like
1418940_at	NM_019878	Sulfotransferase family 1B, member 1
Immune response
1417867_at	NM_013459	Complement factor D (adipsin)
1419697_at	NM_019494 /// NR_038116	Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11
1418652_at	NM_008599	Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9
1436562_at	NM_172689	DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 58
1420549_at	NM_010259 /// XM_003086912	Guanylate-binding protein 1 /// interferon-induced guanylate-binding protein 1-like
1435906_x_at	NM_010260	Guanylate-binding protein 2
1418392_a_at	NM_018734	Guanylate-binding protein 3
1438676_at	NM_194336	Guanylate-binding protein 6
1434380_at	NM_001083312 /// NM_145545	Guanylate-binding protein 7
1425477_x_at	NM_207105	Histocompatibility 2, class II antigen A, beta 1
1426276_at	NM_001164477 /// NM_027835	Interferon induced with helicase C domain 1
1418825_at	NM_008326	Immunity-related GTPase family M member 1
1424339_at	NM_145209	2′-5′ oligoadenylate synthetase-like 1
1420603_s_at	NM_009016 /// NM_009017 /// NM_009018 /// NM_020030 /// NM_198193 /// XM_001006217	Retinoic acid early transcript 1, alpha /// retinoic acid early transcript beta /// retinoic acid early transcript gamma /// retinoic acid early transcript delta /// retinoic acid early transcript 1E
1424923_at	NM_009251	Serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 3G
1449009_at	NM_001145164 /// NM_011579	T cell-specific GTPase 1 /// T cell-specific GTPase 2
1422701_at	NM_009539	Zeta-chain (TCR) associated protein kinase