Fermented barley extract supplementation ameliorates metabolic state in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats

Figures & data

Table 1. Oligonucleotide sequences used for mRNA expression analysis.

Gene^a	Forward primer	Reverse primer
Ef-1	GATGGCCCCAAATTCTTGAAG	GGACCATGTCAACAATTGCAG
Cat	AGCCTCCTCAGCCTGCACT	GGCTTGTGCCCTGCTTCA
Gpx1	TGACCGACCCCAAGTACATCA	AAATGTCGTTGCGGGACAC
Gsr	GCTGCGATGAGATGCTTCAG	TGGCCCCCATTTTCACTG
Sod1	TGTTGGTCACACTGGATGATAAGC	GGCCGTACTATGGTGGTCCA
Prdx2	GCTGAGGACTTCCGAAAGCTAG	GTCCACAGACACTCCCAGCA
Hmox1	GACCAGAGTCCCTCACAGACAGA	TGAACCAGGCTAGCAGGCC
Nox1	ACCCACTAAGAACATCGTTATACATGA	TGTTGGTCACACTGGATGATAAGC
Nrf2	AGTCCCATTCACAAAAGACAAACA	TTTTGCCCTAAGCTCATCTCTTG
Cyp7a1	CTGCCGGTACTAGACAGCATCA	ACCGTCCTCAAGATGGAGAGTG
Pparα	TGTGGCTGCTATAATTTGCTGTG	CTCCTGCAACTTCTCAATGTATCCT
Srebf1	GGAGCCATGGATTGCACATT	GCTTCCAGAGAGGAGCCCAG
Fasn	GGCTCACACACCTACGTATTGG	TGCTTAATGAAGAAGCATATGGCTT
G6pc	TTGTGCATTTGCTAGGAAGAGAAG	ATCTAAAGACCCAGGCATAACTGAAG
Pck1	GATGACATTGCCTGGATGAAGTTT	TGGGTTGATGGCCCTTAAGT

^a Ef-1, eukaryotic elongation factor-1α1; Cat, catalase; Gpx1, glutathione peroxidase 1; Gsr, glutathione reductase; Sod1, cytosolic superoxide dismutase 1; Prdx2, peroxiredoxin 2; Hmox1, heme oxygenase 1; Nox1, NADPH-oxidase; Nrf2, NF-E2-related factor-2; Pparα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α; Srebf1, sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1; Fasn, fatty acid synthase; Cyp7a1, cytochrome P450, family 7, subfamily a, polypeptide 1; G6pc, glucose-6-phosphatase, catalytic subunit; Pck1, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1.

Table 2. Effects of the chronic administration of FBEP on physiological and metabolic parameters in SHRSP.^a

Parameters	Control	FBEP1	FBEP2
Physiological parameters
Food intake (g/day)	19.7 ± 0.5	19.2 ± 0.4	18.8 ± 0.5
Body weight gain (g)	56.6 ± 16.5	44.4 ± 2.3	38.5 ± 3.7
Final body weight (g)	282.6 ± 4.5	289.7 ± 6.4	277.5 ± 4.2
Liver weight (g)	7.7 ± 0.2	7.9 ± 0.3	7.8 ± 0.2
Kidney weight (g)	2.08 ± 0.04	2.18 ± 0.04	2.08 ± 0.06
FER^b	0.15 ± 0.04	0.12 ± 0.01	0.11 ± 0.01
Metabolic parameters
Plasma albumin (μmol/L)	0.43 ± 0.01	0.42 ± 0.01*	0.42 ± 0.01
Plasma BUN (mmol/L)	3.55 ± 0.13	3.19 ± 0.17	3.68 ± 0.16
Plasma TG (mmol/L)	1.00 ± 0.05	0.73 ± 0.07†	0.87 ± 0.08
Plasma TC (mmol/L)	1.91 ± 0.07	1.82 ± 0.08	2.01 ± 0.05*
Plasma HDL-C (mmol/L)	0.86 ± 0.05	0.86 ± 0.04	0.91 ± 0.02
Plasma LDL-C (mmol/L)	0.85 ± 0.07	0.81 ± 0.04	0.93 ± 0.07
Liver total lipid (mg/g)	63.5 ± 2.5	56.3 ± 2.1	62.6 ± 3.1
Liver TG (mg/g)	40.8 ± 3.6	38.7 ± 2.0	44.5 ± 8.1
Liver TC (mg/g)	6.9 ± 0.4	6.8 ± 0.7	7.0 ± 1.7
Plasma glucose (mmol/L)	10.59 ± 0.31	8.96 ± 0.32*	10.07 ± 0.59
Plasma insulin (μU/mL)	60.28 ± 8.84	27.83 ± 5.43*	45.09 ± 7.50
HOMA-IR^c	28.5 ± 4.7	11.3 ± 2.6†	20.4 ± 3.6

^a FBEP1 (4 g/kg diet); FBEP2 (20 g/kg diet); values are means ± SEM, n = 5–6.

^b Ratio of final body weight gain (grams) per gram of diet consumed over experimental period.

^c Homeostatic assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index.

* p < 0.05, significant differences versus control group.

† p < 0.01, significant differences versus control group.

Table 3. Effects of chronic administration of FBEP on mRNA expression levels in the liver, measured by quantitative RT-PCR.^a

Gene	Control	FBEP1	FBEP2
Liver
Cat	1.0 ± 0.1^ab	1.3 ± 0.2^b	0.8 ± 0.1^a
Gpx	1.0 ± 0.1^a	1.3 ± 0.1^b	0.7 ± 0.1^a
Gsr	1.0 ± 0.1^ab	1.6 ± 0.4^b	0.8 ± 0.1^a
Sod1	1.0 ± 0.1	1.0 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.1
Prdx2	1.0 ± 0.1^a	1.5 ± 0.2^b	1.2 ± 0.2^ab
Hmox1	1.0 ± 0.1	1.4 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.4
Nox1	1.0 ± 0.1^a	0.7 ± 0.1^b	0.8 ± 0.1^ab
Nrf2	1.0 ± 0.3^a	2.4 ± 0.8^b	0.9 ± 0.1^a
Pparα	1.0 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.2
Srebf1	1.0 ± 0.1	1.2 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.2
Fasn	1.0 ± 0.2	0.9 ± 0.2	0.9 ± 0.3
Cyp7a1	1.0 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.5	1.0 ± 0.4
G6pc	1.0 ± 0.2	0.8 ± 0.1	1.0 ± 0.3
Pck1	1.0 ± 0.1	0.7 ± 0.1	1.0 ± 0.4

^a Expression of mRNA (fold) of FBEP1 (4 g/kg diet) and FBEP2 (20 g/kg diet) groups compared with that of the control group. Values are expressed as means ± SEM, n = 6. We defined different letters representing significant differences (p < 0.05). Genes: Cat, catalase; Gpx1, glutathione peroxidase 1; Gsr, glutathione reductase; Sod1, cytosolic superoxide dismutase 1; Prdx2, peroxiredoxin 2; Hmox1, heme oxygenase 1; Nox1, NADPH-oxidase; Nrf2, NF-E2-related factor-2; Pparα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α; Srebf1, sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1; Fasn, fatty acid synthase; Cyp7a1, cytochrome P450, family 7, subfamily a, polypeptide 1; G6pc, glucose-6-phosphatase, catalytic subunit; Pck1, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1.

Fig. 1. Effect of a single oral dose of FBEP (2 g/kg body weight) on systolic BP.

Notes: Values are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 4; *p < 0.05; †p < 0.01 denote a significant difference when compared with the control group.

Fig. 2. Effects of chronic administration of FBEP on systolic BP (A), diastolic BP (B), and heart rates (C).

Notes: Values are expressed as a mean ± SEM, n = 6; *p < 0.05; †p < 0.01 denote a significant difference when compared with the control group.

Fig. 3. Changes in plasma glucose (A), iAUC glucose (B), plasma insulin (C), and iAUC insulin (D) based on the OGTT in rats.

Notes: Values are expressed as a mean ± SEM, n = 5–6; *p < 0.05 denotes a significant difference when compared with the control group.

Fig. 4. Effect of FBEP on SOD (A) and CAT (B) activities and the level of 8-OHdG (C) in plasma of rats.

Notes: Values are expressed as a mean ± SEM, n = 5. Different letters represent significant differences (p < 0.05).

Fig. 5. Effects of FBEP administration on Nrf2 by western blot analysis.

Notes: Each lane was loaded with 20 μg protein. Data have been normalized with lamin A/C. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 6; *p < 0.05 denotes a significant difference when compared with the control group.