Search for aflatoxin and trichothecene production inhibitors and analysis of their modes of action

Figures & data

Fig. 1. Structures of aflatoxins and aflatoxin production inhibitors from plant constituents.

Notes: Aflatoxin B₁ (1), aflatoxin B₂ (2), aflatoxin G₁ (3), aflatoxin G₂ (4), aflatoxin M₁ (5), aflatoxin M₂ (6), scopoletin (7), (E)-2-hexenal (8), (13S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E),15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid (9), ethylene (10), (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (11), dillapiol (12), apiol (13), spiroether (14), methyl syringate (15), gallic acid (16), methyl gallate (17), methyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (18), methyl 3-O-methylgallate (19), 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid (20), 3-O-methylgallic acid (21), syringic acid (22), heptyl syringate (23), 4-O-methylgallic acid (24).

Fig. 2. Aflatoxin production inhibitors from microbial metabolites and related compounds.

Notes: Aflastatin A (25), blasticidin A (26), dioctatin A (27), blasticidin S (28), deaminohydroxyblasticidin S (29), N-acetyldeaminohydroxyblasticidin S (30), N-acetylblasticidin S (31), cyclo(l-Ala-l-Pro) (32), cyclo(l-Val-l-Pro) (33), cyclo(l-Leu-l-Pro) (34), cyclo(l-homoalanine-l-proline) (35).

Fig. 3. Aflatoxin production inhibitors from pesticides, respiration inhibitors, and synthetic bioactive compounds.

Notes: Dichlorvos (36), tricyclazole (37), siccanin (38), rotenone (39), atpenin A5 (40), antimycin A (41), pyridaben (42), tolfenpyrad (43), fluacrypyrim (44), boscalid (45), pyribencarb (46), kresoxim-methyl (47), azoxystrobin (48), pyraclostrobin (49), suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (50), 5-azacytidine (51), D-glucal (52).

Fig. 4. Trichothecenes, trichothecene production inhibitors, and precocene II-immobilized magnet bead (84).

Notes: Nivalenol (53), deoxynivalenol (54), T-2 toxin (55), HT-2 toxin (56), flavone (57), heraclenin (58), imperatorin (59), xanthotoxin (60), bergapten (61), pimpinellin (62), isopimpinellin (63), psoralen (64), ancymidol (65), 15-fluoroepoxytrichothecene (66), 15-fluorotrichotheca-9,12-diene (67), trichothec-9,12-diene (68), diol (69), epoxydibromide (70), 4-acetyl-2-benzoxazolinone (71), ferulic acid (72), pinoresinol (73), secoisolariciresinol (74), salicylic acid (75), lupeol (76), apocynin (77), magnolol (78), propyl gallate (79), dehydrozingerone (80), precocene I (81), precocene II (82), piperitone (83).

Fig. 5. Hypothetical mode of action of precocene II for inhibiting trichothecene production.