Figures & data
Fig. 1. Fish mortality after exposure to Chattonella marina and Chattonella antiqua.
Notes: Red sea bream (n = 10) (A), Japanese horse mackerel (n = 10) (B), or blue damselfish (n = 5) (C) were exposed to C. marina at 10,000 cells/mL (▲), C. antiqua at 10,000 cells/mL (●), or ESM medium alone (○). The mortality of each fish species was observed until 24 h after the initial exposure.
Fig. 2. Cell density-dependent toxicities of C. antiqua against red sea bream in comparison with C. marina.
Notes: Red sea breams (n = 10) were exposed to C. marina at 10,000 cells/mL (▲), C. antiqua at 5,000 cells/mL (○) or at 10,000 cells/mL (●). The fish mortality of each group was observed until 24 h after the initial exposure.
Fig. 3. L-012-mediated chemiluminescence responses of C. marina (△, ▲) and C. antiqua (○, ●).
Notes: Cell suspensions of C. marina (40,000 cells/mL) or C. antiqua (20,000 cells/mL) were subjected to L-012-mediated chemiluminescence analysis in the presence (○, △) or absence (●, ▲) of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (100 U/mL). The responses were recorded for 30 s. Error bars represent average mean ± standard deviation of triplicate experiments.
Fig. 4. ESR spectra of DMPO spin adducts obtained with (A) C. antiqua (40,000 cells/mL) and (B) C. marina (40,000 cells/mL).
Notes: The spectra were measured at 1 h after addition of DMPO to each flagellate cell suspension.
Fig. 5. Effects of sodium benzoate on the mortality of blue damselfish exposed to C. antiqua.
Notes: Blue damselfish (n = 5) were exposed to C. antiqua at 10,000 cells/mL in the absence (●) or presence of 10 mM (▲), 50 mM (○) of sodium benzoate, or ESM medium alone (■). The fish mortality of each group was observed until 24 h after initial exposure.
Fig. 6. Fish-killing activity and ROS-producing activity of ruptured C. antiqua cells.
Notes: Ruptured C. antiqua cells prepared from a cell suspension (10,000 cells/mL) treated by sonication was subjected to chemiluminescence analysis as described in the legend of Fig. . The values indicate the integrated chemiluminescence intensities during 30 s obtained in intact cell suspension, intact cell suspension + superoxide dismutase (SOD) (100 U/mL), ruptured cell suspension, and ruptured cell suspension + SOD (100 U/mL). Inset shows the mortality of red sea bream (n = 10) exposed to intact cell suspension (10,000 cells/mL) (●), ruptured cell suspension prepared from same culture (○), and ESM medium alone (■).
Fig. 7. Estimation of cell numbers of C. marina and C. antiqua associated with the gills of blue damselfish exposed to the flagellates at 20,000 cells/mL.
Notes: At 1, 2, and 3 h after exposure to C. marina (□) or C. antiqua (■), the gill of the fish was promptly excised and subjected to acetone extraction. The number of flagellate cells associated with the gill was estimated based on the calibration curve between cell number and chlorophyll level. Error bars represent average mean ± standard deviation of triplicate experiments.
