NAD⁺/NADH homeostasis affects metabolic adaptation to hypoxia and secondary metabolite production in filamentous fungi^*

* This review was written in response to the author’s receipt of the JSBBA Award for Young Scientists in 2016.

Figures & data

Figure 1. Schematic representation of fungal denitrification and ammonia fermentation.

Ack, acetate kinase; Acs, acetyl-CoA synthetase; Add, aldehyde dehydrogenase (acylating); Adh, alcohol dehydrogenase; Ald, aldehyde dehydrogenase; Nar, nitrate reductase; Nir, nitrite reductase; P450nor, cytochrome P450nor.

Figure 2. Pathway for branched-chain amino acid synthesis.

AHAIR, acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase; AHAS, acetohydroxy acid synthase; DHAD, dihydroxy acid dehydratase; GDH, glutamate dehydrogenase; ThPP, thiamine pyrophosphate.

Figure 3. Glycolytic flow regulated by NdxA under hypoxia.

ACS, acetyl-CoA synthetase; ADH, alcohol dehydrogenase; ALD, aldehyde dehydrogenase; BPG, 1,3-biphosphoglycerate; DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate; FBP, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate; GAP, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; NMNH, reduced nicotinamide mononucleotide; PDC, pyruvate decarboxylase; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase.

Figure 4. Schematic model of negative epigenetic control of secondary metabolite (SM) production by NdxA through NAD(H) hydrolysis.