Metabolomic analyses of plasma and liver of mice fed with immature Citrus tumida peel

Figures & data

Table 1. Flavonoid content in peels of immature Citrus tumida (100 mg).

Flavonoids	(mg)
Nobiletin + Narirutin	0.674 ± 0.015
Geosmin	0.078 ± 0.003
Hesperidin	0.206 ± 0.010
Tangeretin	0.249 ± 0.009

Figure 1. Effects of supplementation of the peels of immature Citrus tumida (PIC) on (a) cumulative body weight gain, (b) food intake, (c) water intake, and (d) feed efficiency (n = 6–7 in each group).

Control: mice fed with AIN93G diet; PIC: mice fed with AIN93G supplemented with 5% PIC (w/w) diet. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. ^†P < 0.10, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 versus control.

Figure 2. Effects of supplementation of the peels of immature Citrus tumida (PIC) on (a) cumulative liver weight, (b) epididymal fat weight, (c) perirenal fat weight, and (d) subcutaneous fat weight (n = 6–7 in each group).

Control: mice with fed AIN93G diet; PIC: mice fed with AIN93G containing 5% PIC (w/w) diet. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 versus control.

Table 2. Metabolites affected by ingestion of peels of immature Citrus tumida (Q < 0.1).

metabolite	Sample	Ratio (supl/cont)	P	Q
2-Hydroxyvaleric acid	Plasma	0.8	6.0326E-05	0.01152
Thr-Asp (Ser-Glu)	Liver	2.4	1.1E-04	0.02762
Daminozide (Ala-Ala)	Liver	1.4	4.5E-04	0.05596
Glucuronic acid (Galacturonic acid)	Liver	1.6	4.6E-04	0.03793
Betaine aldehyde	Liver	0.5	8.3E-04	0.05161
S-Methylglutathione	Liver	1.6	9.1E-04	0.04538

Figure 3. Choline-related metabolites in the liver.

The pathway of choline-related metabolites in the liver is shown. Welch’s t-tests were used to compare “supplement,” using both peels of immature Citrus tumida (PIC)-fed mice (n = 4) and control mice (n = 5). Control: mice fed with AIN93G diet; PIC: mice fed with AIN93G containing 5% PIC (w/w) diet. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM.

Data availability statement

The data described in this article are openly available in the Open Science Framework at DOI:10.17605/OSF.IO/TPA6U.