Sodium alginate-based nanofibers loaded with Capparis Sepiaria plant extract for wound healing

Figures & data

Table 1. The composition of the nanofibers (NF7, NF10, and NF13).

Sample codes	Nanofibers	S A (% w/v)	P V A (% w/v)	PLGA (% w/v)	Capparis Sepieria Extract (mg)
NF7	SA/PVA/PLGA	2	10	10	100
NF10	SA/PVA	2	16	–	100
NF13	SA/PVA	2	8	–	100
Blank	SA/PVA	2	10	–	–

Figure 1. Structures of the compounds in the plant extract.

Figure 2. FTIR spectra of capparis sepiaria aqueous root extract, NF7, NF10, and NF13.

Table 2. Characteristic peaks present on the nanofibers FTIR spectra of NF7, NF10, NF13, and capparis sepieria extract.

Sample code	Characteristic peaks	Wavenumber (cm^−1)
NF7, NF10, & NF13	O-H C-H C = O =C-H C-N C-O C-H bending C = C bending	3303 2949-2904 1753 1603-1420 1140 1090 919 841
Capparis sepiaria extract	O-H stretch, C-H =C-H C-N C-O stretching C-O stretching C-H bending C = C bending	3300 2900 2918 1598-1428 1236 1055 884 783

Figure 3. SEM images (a) NF7 (b) NF10 and (c) NF13.

Figure 4. AFM images (a) NF7 and (b) NF13.

Table 3. Surface roughness parameters obtained from AFM analysis.

Roughness parameters	NF7 (nm)	NF13 (nm)
Ra (Average roughness)	214.33 ± 138.4	355 ± 242.935
Rq (Root mean square roughness)	274.67 ± 176.2	440.5 ± 262.812
Rmax (Maximum roughness Depth)	2025 ± 1 719	2515.5 ± 430.658

Table 4. WVTR of NF7, NF10, and NF13 nanofibers.

Sample code	WVTR (g/m^2.24h)
NF7	319.2433 ± 3.812
NF10	193.9333 ± 4.388
NF13	286.5933 ± 6.49

Table 5. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values of the nanofibers against selected strains of bacteria.

MIC (µg/mL)
	Gram-positive					Gram-negative
Compounds	BS	EF	SE	SA	MS	ECL	PV	KO	PA	PM	EC	KA
Plant extract	15.625	15.625	500	15.625	500	15.625	15.625	500	15.625	500	31.25	500
NF7	–	78.125	–	39	312.5	39	39	–	39	–	39	–
NF10	–	39	–	39	–	39	39	–	39	–	39	–
NF13	–	39	–	39	39	39	39	–	39	–	39	–
AMP	26	26	26	26	26	26	416	26	64	26	26	26
STM	16	128	8	256	4	512	128	16	128	128	64	512
NLD	16	>512	64	64	512	16	128	8	128	32	512	256

STM-streptomycin, AMP-ampicillin, NLD-nalidixic acid.

Figure 5. In vitro % cell viability results of the nanofibers and controls at concentrations when treated on HaCaT (p < 0.05).

Figure 6. Wound scratch images for untreated cells, control, and NF10 for 0, 24, 48, 76, and 92 h.

Table 6. In vitro wound scratch assay results for untreated, control, and NF10.

Assay time (h)	Area (mm^2)
	Untreated	Control (Burn-EAZ^®)	NF10
0	731 711 ± 149 869	734 829 ± 38 893.9	855 806.3 ± 187 217
24	647 366 ± 68 532.2	675 078.3 ± 189 748.1	649 998.7 ± 253 673.9
48	634 475 ± 127 694.5	612 076.3 ± 350 552.7	584 067.3 ± 6 285.3
72	624 721.3 ± 48 321.2	611 099.7 ± 284 122.8	531 537.7 ± 428 258.4
96	606 100.3 ± 83 359.2	583 467 ± 128 544.0	443 858.3 ± 469 122.2
% Wound closure	17 ± 44.4 %	21 ± 230 %	48 ± 151 %

Figure 7. The absorbance of the nanofibers (NF7, NF10, and NF13), where, COM-commercial wound dressing, and EXT-Plant extract compared to the control WB-whole blood.