Beyond the silver bullet: unveiling multiple pathways to school turnaround

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow chart of the sampling process.

^aThe “exluded middle” are schools that only moved from 4th to 3rd quartile.

^bOne was bilingual, and one had a peculiar grading pattern.

Table 1. Conditions summarised.

Condition⁣	Scale⁣	Years ⁣	Source⁣	Change/State⁣	Calibration⁣
Teacher Collaboration⁣	0–10⁣	2010–2019⁣	Annual Teacher Survey, The Swedish School Inspectorate	Change and State	Crisp set: Change of .67 between first and last values or value above 8.34⁣
Principal’s Focus on Core Operations⁣	0–10⁣	2010–2019⁣	Annual Teacher Survey, The Swedish School Inspectorate ⁣	Change and State ⁣	Crisp set: Change of .67 between first and last values or value above 8.34⁣
High Academic Expectations⁣	0–10⁣	2010–2019⁣	Annual Pupil Survey, The Swedish School Inspectorate	Change and State	Crisp set: Change of .67 between first and last values or value above 8.34⁣
School District Quality Assurance	1 or 0⁣	2012–2019⁣	Inspection Reports of School Districts⁣, The Swedish School Inspectorate	State	Crisp set: Latest inspection report⁣
Change Pressure (contextual)⁣	0%–100%⁣	2008–2012⁣	Share of pupils eligible for upper-secondary school, Register data, Swedish National Agency for Education	State⁣	Crisp set: Under the median value ⁣of 90%⁣
Urban/Non-Urban (contextual)⁣	Municipality type (9 categories)⁣	2017⁣	Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions	State	Crips set: Urban = Metropolitan, commuter to metropolitan + large/medium-sized towns. Non-Urban =  Rural, small towns + commuter to large/medium-sized towns⁣

Figure 2. Distribution of causal conditions for turnaround and non-turnaround schools.

Note: HighAE = High Academic Expectations; SDQA = School District Quality Assurance.

Table 2. Sufficient baseline solution sets (without contextual conditions).

Row	Teacher	Principal	HighAE	SDQA	Raw coverage	Unique coverage	Consistency	Raw Cases (N)	Unique Cases (N)
1		Ө	●	●	.17	.14	1	7	6
2	●	●	Ө	Ө	.12	.12	.83	5	5
3	●	Ө		●	.05	.02	1	2	1
4	Ө	●	●	Ө	.02	.02	1	1	1
						Solution coverage	Solution Consistency
						.33	.93

Note: HighAE = High Academic Expectations; SDQA = School District Quality Assurance.

Table 3. Sufficient baseline solution sets with contextual condition.

Row	Change Pressure	Teacher	Principal	HighAE	SDQA	Raw coverage	Unique coverage	Consistency	Raw cases (N)	Unique cases (N)
1	●	●	●	Ө		.21	.12	.82	9	5
2			Ө	●	●	.17	.1	1	7	4
3	Ө	Ө	●	Ө	●	.07	.07	1	3	3
4	●	●	●		●	.12	.02	.86	5	1
5	Ө		Ө	●		.1	.02	1	4	1
6	Ө	●	Ө		●	.05	.02	1	2	1
7	●	Ө	●	●	Ө	.02	.02	1	1	1
							Solution coverage	Solution Consistency
							.55	.92

Note: HighAE = High Academic Expectations; SDQA = School District Quality Assurance.

Table 4. Sufficient solutions for the urban/non-urban subsamples.

a URBAN
Row	Change Pressure	Teacher	Principal	HighAE	SDQA	Raw coverage	Unique coverage	Consistency	Raw cases (N)	Unique cases (N)
1	Ө		Ө	●		.18	.18	1	3	3
2	Ө	Ө	●	Ө	●	.12	.12	1	2	2
3	Ө	●	Ө		●	.06	.06	1	1	1
4	●	●	●	●	●	.06	.06	1	1	1
5	●	●	●		Ө	.06	.06	1	1	1
							Solution Coverage	Solution Consistency
							.47	1
b NON-URBAN
Row	Change Pressure	Teacher	Principal	HighAE	SDQA	Raw coverage	Unique coverage	Consistency	Raw cases (N)	Unique cases (N)
1	Ө					.28	.2	1	7	5
2		●	●	Ө		.24	.16	.86	6	4
3			Ө	●	●	.2	.16	1	5	4
4			●	Ө	●	.24	.12	1	6	3
5		Ө	●	●	Ө	.04	.04	1	1	1
							Solution Coverage	Solution Consistency
							.84	.96

Note: HighAE = High Academic Expectations; SDQA = School District Quality Assurance.

Table 5. Sufficient solutions for the negation of the outcome.

Row	Change Pressure	Teacher	Principal	HighAE	SDQA	Raw coverage	Unique coverage	Consistency	Raw cases (N)	Unique cases (N)
1	●	Ө	Ө		Ө	.26	.26	.9	9	9
2	●	Ө	●	●	●	.11	.11	.8	4	4
3		●	●	●	Ө	.06	.06	1	2	2
4	Ө	●	●	Ө		.03	.03	1	1	1
							Solution Coverage	Solution Consistency
							.46	.89

Note: HighAE = High Academic Expectations; SDQA = School District Quality Assurance.

Table 6. Interviewed schools.

	Turnaround	Non-turnaround
Conditions present	School A School B	School D
Conditions absent	School E School F School G	School C

Data availability statement

Raw data are openly available at the Swedish National Agency for Education: https://www.skolverket.se/skolutveckling/statistik and https://www.skolverket.se/skolutveckling/statistik/salsa-statistisk-modell, the Swedish School Inspectorate https://www.skolinspektionen.se/beslut-rapporter-statistik/statistik/, and the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions https://skr.se/skr/tjanster/kommunerochregioner/faktakommunerochregioner/kommungruppsindelning.2051.html