Intermediate Uveitis: A Review

ABSTRACT

Purpose

This review aims to provide an update on the clinical presentation, etiologies, complications, and treatment options in intermediate uveitis (IU).

Methods

Narrative literature review.

Results

IU affects all age groups with no clear gender predominance and has varied etiologies including systemic illnesses and infectious diseases, or pars planitis. In some instances, IU may be the sole presentation of an underlying associated condition or disease. Management of IU and its complications include administration of corticosteroids, antimetabolites, T-cell inhibitors, and/or biologics, along with surgical interventions, with varying degrees of effectiveness across literature. In particular, increasing evidence of the safety and efficacy of immunomodulatory agents and biologics has seen greater adoption of these therapies in clinical practice.

Conclusions

IU is an anatomical description of uveitis, involving intraocular inflammation of the vitreous, peripheral retinal vasculature, and pars plana. Various treatment options for intermediate uveitis are currently used in practice.

KEYWORDS:

• Cystoid macular edema
• intermediate uveitis
• pars planitis
• snow balls
• vitritis

Acknowledgments

A.Y.T.T., B.K.B., K.L.Q.H, E.J.C., and V.G. report no conflicts of interest, financial, or propriety, in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. R.A. is supported by a grant from the National Medical Research Council (NMRC), Singapore, for the Clinician Scientist Award (CSA) from 2020 to 2023. He has not received funding for his work in this publication. The authors alone are responsible for the content and writing of this article. The final version of the article has been seen and approved by all authors.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.