Prevalence of and risk factors for trachoma in Kwara state, Nigeria: Results of eight population-based surveys from the Global Trachoma Mapping Project

Figures & data

Table 1. Number of 1–9-year-old and number of ≥15-year-old resident, examined, absent, and refused; prevalence of trachomatous inflammation—follicular (TF); and prevalence of trichiasis; by Local Government Area (LGA), Global Trachoma Mapping Project, Kwara State, Nigeria, June and July, 2014.

		1–9-year-olds					≥15-year-olds
LGA	Number of villages sampled	Resident	Examined	Absent	Refused	TF prevalence^a (95% CI)	Resident	Examined	Absent	Refused	Trichiasis prevalence^b (95% CI)
Asa	25	1546	1518	10	18	0.5 (0.1–0.9)	1489	1355	113	20	0.1 (0–0.2)
Baruten	25	1933	1892	16	24	0.9 (0.4–1.3)	1714	1593	88	33	0.2 (0–0.3)
Edu	25	1746	1732	2	12	0.2 (0–0.6)	1624	1428	173	23	0
Ifelodun	25	1513	1496	1	16	0.3 (0–0.7)	1432	1374	53	4	0.1 (0–0.2)
Ilorin East	25	1656	1631	10	15	0.7 (0.2–1.2)	1456	1317	124	15	0.1 (0–0.2)
Kaiama	25	1745	1728	6	11	1.3 (0.7–2.1)	1645	1521	105	19	0
Moro	25	1570	1543	16	11	0.3 (0.1–0.6)	1609	1580	25	4	0.1 (0–0.2)
Pategi	25	1903	1895	5	3	0.9 (0.5–1.3)	1470	1395	72	3	0 (0–0.1)
Totals	200	13612	13435	66	110	N/A	12439	11563	753	121	N/A

^aAdjusted for age in 1-year age bands (see text)

^bAdjusted for gender and age in 5-year age bands (see text)

CI, confidence interval; N/A, not applicable.

Figure 1. Local Government Areas (LGAs) surveyed, and prevalence of trachomatous inflammation—follicular (TF) in 1–9-year-olds, by LGA, Global Trachoma Mapping Project, Kwara State, Nigeria, June and July, 2014.

Table 2. Household-level access to water and sanitation, by Local Government Area (LGA), Global Trachoma Mapping Project, Kwara State, Nigeria, June and July, 2014.

LGA	Households, n	Improved washing water, n (%)	Washing water source (improved or unimproved) <1km, n (%)	Improved sanitation, n (%)
Asa	593	402 (68)	392 (66)	35 (6)
Baruten	613	392 (64)	365 (60)	86 (14)
Edu	615	379 (62)	522 (85)	204 (33)
Ifelodun	595	538 (90)	506 (85)	142 (24)
Ilorin East	592	535 (90)	500 (84)	378 (64)
Kaiama	599	436 (73)	378 (63)	90 (15)
Moro	581	479 (82)	366 (63)	67 (12)
Pategi	581	450 (77)	416 (72)	102 (18)

Table 3. Univariable analysis of risk factors for trachomatous inflammation—follicular in 1–9-year-olds, Global Trachoma Mapping Project, Kwara State, Nigeria, June and July, 2014.

Variable		Number of cases, N	Univariable OR^a (95% CI)^b	p-value^c
Age, years				0.047
	1–4	28	0.6 (0.4–1.0)	-
	5–9	61	-	-
Sex				0.81
	Male	46	1	-
	Female	43	0.9 (0.6–1.4)	-
Children aged 1–9 years in household, n				0.050
	1–4	50	1	-
	≥5	39	1.6 (1.0–2.6)	-
Household sanitation facility				0.83
	Improved	19	1	-
	Unimproved	1	2.1 (0.2–18.1)	-
	Open defecation	69	1.0 (0.6–1.8)	-
Household access to sanitation facility				0.96
	Private	7	1	-
	Shared or public	14	1.1 (0.4–3.0)	-
	No structure	68	1.0 (0.4–2.4)	-
Household drinking water source				0.59
	Improved	64	1	-
	Unimproved	25	1.2 (0.7–2.0)	-
Household water source for face-washing				0.33
	Improved	63	1	-
	Unimproved	26	1.3 (0.8–2.2)	-
Time to main source of drinking water, minutes				0.60
	<30	59	1	-
	≥30	30	1.1 (0.7–1.9)	-
Time to main source of water used for face-washing, minutes				0.95
	<30	60	1	-
	≥30	29	1.0 (0.6–1.7)	-
Hand-washing facility within 15 m of sanitation facility				0.49
	Yes	12	0.8 (0.4–1.6)	-
	No	77	1	-
Water available at the hand-washing facility				0.73
	Yes	10	0.9 (0.4–1.8)	-
	No	79	1	-
Soap or ash available at the hand-washing facility				0.37
	Yes	6	1.6 (0.6–4.0)	-
	No	83	1	-
Altitude, m above sea level				0.43
	<250	42	1	-
	≥250	47	1.2 (0.7–2.0)	-

^aUnivariable random effects regression accounting for clustering at village level.

^bWald’s 95% confidence interval

^cLikelihood ratio test

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval

Figure 2. Prevalence of trachomatous inflammation—follicular (TF) by age among 1–9-year-olds, across eight surveyed Local Government Areas, Global Trachoma Mapping Project, Kwara State, Nigeria, June and July, 2014.

Table 4. Multivariable analysis of risk factors related to trachomatous inflammation—follicular in 1–9-year-olds, Global Trachoma Mapping Project, Kwara State, Nigeria, June and July, 2014.

Variable		Number of cases, N	Multivariable OR^a (95% CI)^b	p-value^c
Sex				0.81
	Male	46	1	-
	Female	43	0.95 (0.63–1.45)	-
Age, years				0.048
	1–4	28	0.63 (0.40–0.99)	-
	5–9	61	1	-
Children aged 1–9 years in household, n				0.043
	1–4	50	1	-
	≥5	39	1.63 (1.02–2.60)	-

^aMultivariable random effects regression accounting for clustering at village level. Multivariable ORs are adjusted for sex, age, and number of children aged 1–9 years in household.

^bWald’s 95% confidence interval

^cLikelihood ratio test of inclusion/exclusion of variable in final model.

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval