Prevalence of Trachoma in Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia, after Implementation of the SAFE Strategy: Results of Four Population-Based Surveys

Figures & data

Figure 1. Prevalence of trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF) measured at trachoma impact surveys in Benishangul Gumuz, Ethiopia, March 2018− March 2019. The prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis unknown to the health system measured simultaneously in all four EUs shown here was between 0.4 and 0.9%. The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the authors, or the institutions with which they are affiliated, concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Table 1. Population aged ≥1 year participating in trachoma impact surveys in Benishangul Gumuz, Ethiopia, March 2018− March 2019.

Evaluation unit (EU)	EU ID	Enumerated	Absent	Refused	Other	Examined	Examined female (%)
Sherkole, Menge, Kurmuke & Homosha	80635	3607	315	9	0	3283	56
Wombera, Guba & Dangure	80636	2983	177	3	0	2803	53
Dibate & Bullen	80981	3267	416	9	0	2842	53
Pawe & Mandura	80982	3243	379	14	0	2850	52

Table 2. Children aged 1 − 9 years with trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF) and trachomatous inflammation–intense (TI) in Benishangul Gumuz, Ethiopia, March 2018− March 2019.

Evaluation unit	Children aged 1–9 years examined	Children aged 1–9 years with TF	Children aged 1–9 years with TI	Age-adjusted prevalence of TF in 1–9 year olds (%, 95% CI)
Sherkole, Menge, Kurmuke and Homosha	1,375	30	0	2.18 (1.23–2.87)
Wombera, Guba and Dangure	1,030	56	5	4.71 (1.82–7.52)
Dibate and Bullen	1,157	117	10	9.06 (5.78–12.82)
Pawe and Mandura	1,028	56	5	3.98 (1.61–7.27)

CI: confidence interval.

Table 3. People aged ≥15 years with trachomatous trichiasis (TT) identified in trachoma impact surveys in Benishangul Gumuz, Ethiopia, March 2018− March 2019.

Evaluation unit	Adults aged ≥15 years examined	Adults aged ≥15 years with TT	Adults aged ≥15 years with TT unknown to the health system	Age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of TT unknown to the health system in ≥15-year-olds (%, 95% CI)
Sherkole, Menge, Kurmuke and Homosha	1472	27	25	0.93 (0.42 − 1.61)
Wombera, Guba and Dangure	1439	12	12	0.40 (0.14 − 0.77)
Dibate and Bullen	1411	15	15	0.68 (0.27 − 1.28)
Pawe and Mandura	1503	24	21	0.76 (0.46 − 1.16)

CI: confidence interval

Figure 2. Change in trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF) prevalence in 1–9-year-olds between baseline estimates (published elsewhere)¹⁴ and trachoma impact survey estimates March 2018− March 2019, Benishangul Gumuz, Ethiopia. (A) Pawe and Mandura; (B) Dibate and Bullen; (C) Sherkole, Menge, Kurmuke & Homosha; (D) Wombera, Guba & Dangure. X-coordinates have been artificially offset to allow the confidence interval whiskers to be clearly seen.

Table 4. Water, sanitation and hygiene access of households in Benishangul Gumuz, Ethiopia, March 2018− March 2019.

Evaluation unit	Clusters	Households	Households with an improved drinking water source within 30-minute round trip (%)	Households with an improved latrine (%)	Households with a latrine with a hand wash station (%)
Sherkole, Menge, Kurmuke and Homosha	28	836	27	<1	7
Wombera, Guba and Dangure	23	680	31	4	<1
Dibate and Bullen	26	779	43	3	12
Pawe and Mandura	26	786	60	6	16

Table 5. Univariable and multivariable analysis of factors associated with trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF) in children aged 1–9 years in trachoma impact surveys in Benishangul Gumuz, Ethiopia, March 2018─March 2019. Models all include cluster of residence as a random-effects variable to account for clustering in the survey data.

Variable	Levels	No TF	TF	Univariable analysis		Multivariable analysis
				OR (95% CI)	P*	aOR (95% CI)	P†
Age group (years)	1–3	1,379	154	Ref	<0.001	Ref	<0.001
	4–6	1,540	88	0.49 (0.37–0.65)		0.48 (0.36–0.64)
	7–9	1,412	17	0.11 (0.06–0.17)		0.10 (0.06–0.17)
Gender	Male	2,259	122	Ref	0.235	Ref	0.064
	Female	2,072	137	1.17 (0.91–1.51)		1.29 (0.99–1.69)
Washing water source status	Improved	3,211	203	Ref	0.133	Not tested
	Unimproved	497	31	0.83 (0.46–1.49)
	Surface	497	25	0.63 (0.39–1.00)
Round trip to washing water source	<30 minutes	2,310	118	Ref	0.217	Not tested
	≥30 minutes	2,021	141	1.22 (0.89–1.68)
Latrine ownership	Private	2,587	88	Ref	<0.001	Ref	0.293
	Shared	447	14	1.17 (0.65–2.12)		1.11 (0.61–2.03)
	Open	1,297	157	3.39 (2.41–4.79)		4.47 (0.79–25.4)
Latrine status	Improved	89	3	Ref	<0.001	Ref	0.929
	Unimproved	1289	156	1.11 (0.33–3.68)		1.19 (0.35–4.04)
	Open	2953	100	3.55 (1.06–11.89)		0.92 (0.11–7.62)
Number of children aged 1–9 years living in the household	1–2	2,131	115	Ref	0.531	Not tested
	3–4	1,970	127	1.11 (0.85–1.46)
	≥5	230	17	0.85 (0.48–1.49)

OR: odds ratio; aOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; P: p-value

* Likelihood ratio test between univariable model and null model

† Likelihood ratio test between models with and without the variable in question.

Figure 3. Age distribution of trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF) and trachomatous trichiasis (TT; management status not specified) during trachoma impact surveys in four evaluation units (11 woredas) of Benishangul Gumuz, Ethiopia, March 2018─March 2019. Whiskers represent 95% confidence intervals around age-specific proportions.

Adamu Y, Macleod C, Adamu L, et al. Prevalence of trachoma in Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia: results of seven population-based surveys from the global trachoma mapping project. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2016;23(sup1):70–76. doi:10.1080/09286586.2016.1247877.

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