Beyond the rubicon: a continuum approach to investigating the impact of ADHD like characteristics on everyday executive function in children with Tourette Syndrome

Figures & data

Table 1. Typical Development (TD) group and Tourette Syndrome (TS) group descriptive statistics as a function of the sample characteristics.

	TD Group		TS Group		Effect Size
Measure	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	d
CHEXI Overall	2.67	0.90	3.66	0.87	1.12
Inhibition/Regulation	2.35	0.66	2.96	0.73	0.90
CHEXI Overall	2.28	0.84	3.28	0.97	1.12
Working Memory	2.03	0.66	2.48	0.68	0.68
CHEXI	2.45	0.90	3.43	0.92	1.08
Inhibition	2.15	0.63	2.75	0.70	0.92
CHEXI	2.93	1.02	3.95	0.98	1.02
Regulation	2.60	0.81	3.22	0.98	0.72
CHEXI	2.31	1.01	3.33	1.07	0.99
Planning	2.01	0.63	2.51	0.82	0.73
CHEXI	2.27	0.79	3.25	0.96	1.14
Working Memory	2.04	0.63	2.47	0.66	0.67
VADPRS	1.87	0.59	2.56	0.71	1.08
Combined	0.66	0.42	0.93	0.36	0.67
VADPRS	1.95	0.64	2.69	0.76	1.02
Inattention	0.73	0.46	1.01	0.38	0.64
VADPRS	1.79	0.63	2.43	0.75	0.94
Hyperactivity/Impulsivity	0.59	0.45	0.84	0.41	0.57

CHEXI = Child Executive Functioning Inventory; VADPRS = Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale.

Bold data = Full sample; Non-bold data = Sub-referral level sample.

Table 2. Correlations and partial correlations controlling for age and gender between the main variables (n = 146).

	CHEXI CombinedInhibition & Regulation	CHEXI Combined Working Memory	CHEXI Inhibition	CHEXI Regulation	CHEXI Planning	CHEXI Working Memory	VADRS Combined	VADRS Inattention	VADRS Inhibition & Regulation
CHEXI Combined Inhibition/Regulation		.852	.949	.938	.823	.845	.896	.851	.842
CHEXI Combined Working Memory	0.787		.786	.824	.967	.992	.839	.884	.698
CHEXI Inhibition	0.911	0.703		.781	.753	.783	.859	.774	.852
CHEXI Regulation	0.926	0.741	0.688		.802	.814	.829	.834	.731
CHEXI Planning	0.746	0.946	0.652	0.715		.927	.807	.863	.658
CHEXI Working Memory	0.774	0.985	0.699	0.722	0.875		.834	.872	.700
VADRS Combined	0.797	0.735	0.744	0.720	0.695	0.724		.948	.943
VADRS Inattention	0.759	0.756	0.665	0.725	0.741	0.731	0.923		.786
VADRS Hyperactivity/Impulsivity	0.710	0.598	0.707	0.602	0.539	0.604	0.921	0.700

All correlations p < .001.

Above the diagonal in bold = full sample coefficients, below the diagonal = sub-referral sample, partial coefficients controlling for Age and Gender.

CHEXI = Child Executive Functioning Inventory.

VADPRS = Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale.

Figure 1. Full sample VADPRS mediation analyses of the group – combined (global) CHEXI relationship.

CHEXI = Child Executive Functioning Inventory; VADPRS = Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale.

Table 3. Mediation models identifying the mediational effect of the ADHD-like measures upon the group – child executive functioning inventory relationships with the full sample.

Model	Model Significance	c’ (Direct) Predictor – Outcome	a b (Indirect) Mediation Effect
Predictor: Diagnostic Group Mediator: VADPRS Inattention Outcome: CHEXI WM Predictor: Diagnostic Group Mediator: VADPRS Hyperactivity Outcome: CHEXI WM Predictor: Diagnostic Group Mediator: VADPRS Combined Outcome: CHEXI WM Predictor: Diagnostic Group Mediator: VADPRS Inattention Outcome: CHEXI Planning Predictor: Diagnostic Group Mediator: VADPRS Hyperactivity Outcome: CHEXI Planning Predictor: Diagnostic Group Mediator: VADPRS Combined Outcome: CHEXI Planning Predictor: Diagnostic Group Mediator: VADPRS Inattention Outcome: CHEXI Inhibition Predictor: Diagnostic Group Mediator: VADPRS Hyperactivity Outcome: CHEXI Inhibition Predictor: Diagnostic Group Mediator: VADPRS Combined Outcome: CHEXI Inhibition Predictor: Diagnostic Group Mediator: VADPRS Inattention Outcome: CHEXI Regulation Predictor: Diagnostic Group Mediator: VADPRS Hyperactivity Outcome: CHEXI Regulation Predictor: Diagnostic Group Mediator: VADPRS Combined Outcome: CHEXI Regulation	F(3, 142) = 15.71 p < .001 F(3, 142) = 15.71 p < .001 F(3, 142) = 15.71 p < .001 F(3, 142) = 13.55 p < .001 F(3, 142) = 13.55 p < .001 F(3, 142) = 13.55 p < .001 F(3, 142) = 16.39 p < .001 F(3, 142) = 16.39 p < .001 F(3, 142) = 16.39 p < .001 F(3, 142) = 14.05 p < .001 F(3, 142) = 14.05 p < .001 F(3, 142) = 14.05 p < .001	Effect = 0.21 p = .021 Effect = 0.48 p < .001 Effect = 0.26 p = .013 Effect = 0.07 p = .512 Effect = 0.36 p = .010 Effect = 0.15 p = .253 Effect = 0.24 p = .047 Effect = 0.25 p = .008 Effect = 0.15 p = .123 Effect = 0.13 p = .270 Effect = 0.31 p = .013 Effect = 0.14 p = .240	Effect = 0.73 95% CI [0.45, 1.00] Effect = 0.48 95% CI [0.27, 0.70] Effect = 0.68 95% CI [0.42, 0.94] Effect = 0.86 95% CI [0.54, 1.16] Effect = 0.45 95% CI [0.25, 0.67] Effect = 0.78 95% CI [0.49, 1.06] Effect = 0.65 95% CI [0.39, 0.91] Effect = 0.61 95% CI [0.38, 0.85] Effect = 0.74 95% CI [0.48, 1.00] Effect = 0.79 95% CI [0.50, 1.07] Effect = 0.52 95% CI [0.32, 0.73] Effect = 0.78 95% CI [0.51, 1.06]

VADPRS = Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent rating scale; CHEXI = Child Executive Functioning Inventory.

CHEXI WM = Child Executive Functioning Inventory Working Memory.

Table 4. Mediation models identifying the mediational effect of the ADHD-like measures upon the group – child executive functioning inventory relationships of the sub-referral sample.

Model	Model Significance	c’ (Direct) Predictor – Outcome	a b (Indirect) Mediation Effect
Predictor: Diagnostic Group Mediator: VADPRS Inattention Outcome: CHEXI WM Predictor: Diagnostic Group Mediator: VADPRS Hyperactivity Outcome: CHEXI WM Predictor: Diagnostic Group Mediator: VADPRS Combined Outcome: CHEXI WM Predictor: Diagnostic Group Mediator: VADPRS Inattention Outcome: CHEXI Planning Predictor: Diagnostic Group Mediator: VADPRS Hyperactivity Outcome: CHEXI Planning Predictor: Diagnostic Group Mediator: VADPRS Combined Outcome: CHEXI Planning Predictor: Diagnostic Group Mediator: VADPRS Inattention Outcome: CHEXI Inhibition Predictor: Diagnostic Group Mediator: VADPRS Hyperactivity Outcome: CHEXI Inhibition Predictor: Diagnostic Group Mediator: VADPRS Combined Outcome: CHEXI Inhibition Predictor: Diagnostic Group Mediator: VADPRS Inattention Outcome: CHEXI Regulation Predictor: Diagnostic Group Mediator: VADPRS Hyperactivity Outcome: CHEXI Inhibition Predictor: Diagnostic Group Mediator: VADPRS Combined Outcome: CHEXI Regulation	F(3, 93) = 3.06 p = .032 F(3, 93) = 3.06 p = .032 F(3, 93) = 3.06 p = .032 F(3, 93) = 3.90 p = .011 F(3, 93) = 3.90 p = .011 F(3, 93) = 3.90 p = .011 F(3, 93) = 6.98 p < .001 F(3, 93) = 6.98 p < .001 F(3, 93) = 6.98 p < .001 F(3, 93) = 3.73 p < .014 F(3, 93) = 3.73 p < .014 F(3, 93) = 3.73 p < .014	Effect = 0.14 p = .213 Effect = 0.33 p = .089 Effect = 0.14 p = .213 Effect = 0.09 p = .474 Effect = 0.27 p = .177 Effect = 0.11 p = .418 Effect = 0.31 p = .012 Effect = 0.47 p = .004 Effect = 0.28 p = .011 Effect = 0.22 p = .146 Effect = 0.36 p = .061 Effect = 0.22 p = .148	Effect = 0.26 95% CI [0.04, 0.48] Effect = 0.27 95% CI [0.02, 0.52] Effect = 0.25 95% CI [0.04, 0.47] Effect = 0.32 95% CI [0.04, 0.57] Effect = 0.23 95% CI [0.02, 0.47] Effect = 0.30 95% CI [0.06, 0.54] Effect = 0.23 95% CI [0.03, 0.42] Effect = 0.30 95% CI [0.02, 0.60] Effect = 0.26 95% CI [0.05, 0.48] Effect = 0.26 95% CI [0.05, 0.48] Effect = 0.26 95% CI [0.02, 0.53] Effect = 0.34 95% CI [0.06, 0.65]

VADPRS = Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent rating scale; CHEXI = Child Executive Functioning Inventory.

CHEXI WM = Child Executive Functioning Inventory Working Memory.