Risk factors vary early preterm birth and perinatal complications after assisted reproductive technology

Figures & data

Table 1. Immunological parameters of women who delivered children with ELBW from spontaneous and induced pregnancy, Me (LQ-UQ).

Parameters		Women who have given birth to newborns with ELBW conceived using ART (group 1, n = 24)	Women who have given birth to newborns with ELBW of conceived naturally (group 2, n = 25)	Women who have given birth in full-term newborns conceived naturally (group 3, n = 15)	p
Leukocyte	10^9/l	7.95 (6.68–9.15)	6.6 (5.4–7.2)	6.25 (5.28–6.98)	р1–3 = 0.001
Lymphocytes	%	34.0 (27.25–43.25)	30.0 (26.0–35.0)	38.0 (29.0–48.0)	р2–3 = 0.03
	10^9/l	2.57 (2.07–3.33)	2.04 (1.63–2.3)	2.22 (2.06–2.73)	р1–3, 1–2 = 0.02
CD3^+	%	67.0 (62.0–74.0)	74 (62.0–78.0)	71.0 (67.5–75.5)	р1–3, 1–2 = 0.04
	10^9/l	1.76 (1.4–2.32)	1.52 (1.22–1.69)	1.53 (1.41–1.95)	р1–2 = 0.04
CD19^+	%	11.5 (9.0–15.0)	9.0 (7.0–11.0)	9.0 (8.0–13.0)	р1–3 = 0.010р1–2 = 0.014
	10^9/l	0.31 (0.22–0.44)	0.19 (0.14–0.25)	0.21 (0.18–0.29)	р1–3 = 0.001р1–2 = 0.001
CD3^+CD4^+	%	38.0 (32.25–44.75)	44.0 (40.0–51.0)	39.0 (35.5–46.0)	р2–3 = 0.010р1–2 = 0.010
	10^9/l	1.01 (0.76–1.29)	0.91 (0.84–1.06)	0.85 (0.71–1.07)
CD3^+CD8^+	%	25.0 (22.0–31.0)	23.0 (21.0–26.0)	28.0 (24.0–31.0)	р2–3 = 0.025
	10^9/l	0.73 (0.5–0.89)	0.48 (0.39–0.72)	0.69 (0.5–0.8)	р2–3 = 0.025р1–2 = 0.010
CD3^−CD16^+56^+	%	16.0 (11.5–21.75)	18.0 (11.0–21.0)	13.0 (10.0–19.5)
	10^9/l	0.41 (0.32–0.59)	0.29 (0.22–0.41)	0.32 (0.24–0.43)	р1–3 = 0.017
CD4/CD8		1.46 (1.16–1.89)	2.16 (1.74–2.32)	1.38 (1.16–1.78)	р2–3 = 0.010р1–2 = 0.010
CD4^+IFN-γ^+, %	Spont.	4.0 (2.28–6.1)	6.68 (2.86–10.1)	3.41 (1.8–3.91)	р1–3, 2–3 =  0.010
	Ind.	7.82 (4.49–11.08)	12.7 (6.22–15.7)	6.77 (4.83–9.11)	р2–3 = 0.010
CD4^+IL-4^+, %	Spont.	3.73 (3.01–5.23)	3.16 (1.94–5.6)	2.46 (1.61–3.86)	р1–3 = 0.010р2–3 = 0.04
	Ind.	7.32 (5.05–10.0)	5.06 (3.93–10.8)	5.55 (4.29–6.62)	р1–3 = 0.04
Polarization Index,  standard units	Spont.	1.04 (0.87–1.5)	1.38 (0.88–2.54)	1.07 (0.85–1.58)	р1–2, 2–3  = 0.03
	Ind.	1.04 (0.71–1.3)	1.44 (1.14–2.76)	1.11 (0.99–1.74)	р1–2, 2–3  = 0.04
IFN-γ, pg/ml		3.99 (0.46–4.99)	0.47 (0.08–4.67)	1.42 (0.18–3.11)
IL-4, pg/ml		0.04 (0.0–0.77)	2.06 (1.04–2.86)	1.42 (0.64–2.38)	р1–3, 1–2 = 0.010
IFN-γ/IL-4, standard units		3.27 (0.64–4.81)	0.09 (0.02–0.26)	0.11 (0.0–1.45)	р1–3, 1–2 = 0.010

р_{1–3, 2–3, 1–2} – level of significance of differences between groups (criterion Mann–Whitney). spont., spontaneous level; ind., induced level.

Table 2. Populations and subpopulations of lymphocytes and parameters of spontaneous and induced production of intracellular cytokines cord blood of newborns with ELBW, Ме (LQ-UQ).

Parameters		Newborns with ELBW conceived using ART (subgroup 1, n = 24)	Newborns with ELBW conceived naturally (subgroup 2, n = 25)	Full-term newborns conceived naturally (subgroup 3, n = 15)	p
Leukocyte	10^9/l	4.9 (3.3–5.6)	5.85 (4.05–7.13)	12.47 (10.11–14.01)	p1–2=0.025, p1–3, 2–3=0.001
Lymphocytes	%	81 (75.0–92.0)	71.5 (65.5–79.0)	39 (33.5–47.5)	p1–2, 2–3, 1–3=0.010
	10^9/l	4.51 (2.47–5.0)	3.68 (2.67–4.87)	4.9 (4.25–5.85)
CD3^+	%	63.0 (55.0–68.0)	39.0 (31.0–65.25)	60.0 (37.5–64.25)
	10^9/l	2.8 (0.96–3.11)	1.76 (0.85–2.78)	2.79 (1.94–3.21)
CD19^+	%	15.0 (12.25–15.75)	12.0 (9.25–18.25)	11.05 (7.0–14.25)
	10^9/l	0.67 (0.59–1.0)	0.45 (0.34–0.82)	0.50 (0.32–0.75)
CD3^+CD4^+	%	28.0 (18.0–39.0)	26.0 (21.0–41.75)	35.5 (29.75–42.5)
	10^9/l	0.87 (0.53–1.58)	1.17 (0.43–0.91)	1.79 (1.49–2.19)	p1–3=0.010
CD3^+CD8^+	%	23.0 (20.75–24.5)	16.5 (13.25–21.8)	13.5 (11.0–17.25)	p1–3=0.010
	10^9/l	1.8 (1.32–1.62)	0.50 (0.19–0.8)	0.75 (0.55–1.3)	p1–3=0.010
CD3^−СD16^+56^+	%	25.0 (23.0–28.5)	12.0 (3.0–23.0)	11.0 (3.5–17.5)	p1–2, 1–3 =0.010
	10^9/l	1.34 (1.03–1.60)	0.25 (0.09–0.73)	0.37 (0.20–0.92)	p1–2, 1–3 =0.010
CD4/CD8		1.57 (1.33–1.62)	2.11 (1.63–2.74)	2.45 (1.78–2.42)	p1–3 =0.017
CD3^+CD95^+	%	11.0 (9.0–12.0)	3.0 (2.0–4.5)	3.0 (1.0–4.5)	p1–2, 1–3 =0.001
	10^9/l	0.34 (0.28–0.38)	0.11 (0.04–0.18)	0.13 (0.06–0.18)	p1–2, 1–3 =0.001
CD4^+IFN-γ^+, %	Spont.	3.26 (2.36–3.85)	2.44 (1.44–3.21)	3.28 (1.22–5.88)
	Ind.	5.58 (4.25–8.8)	2.35 (1.2–3.17)	4.97 (3.24–7.38)	p2–3 =0.04
CD4^+IL-4^+, %	Spont.	1.98 (1.22–2.0)	2.85 (1.41–2.86)	3.18 (2.18–4.83)	p1–3, 1–2 =0.001
	Ind.	3.35 (2.94–5.77)	1.45 (1.13–2.43)	1.84 (1.08–4.45)	p1–3=0.001
Polarization Index,  standard units	Spont.	1.81 (1.52–3.2)	1.22 (0.84–2.4)	0.84 (0.52–2.2)	p1–3=0.025
	Ind.	1.45 (1.06–2.58)	1.31 (1.23–2.11)	0.96 (0.57–1.4)
IFN-γ, pg/ml		12.75 (9.56–13.25)	5.13 (1.11–6.25)	3.12 (1.36–4.44)	p1–3=0.001
IL-4, pg/ml		0.38 (0.18–0.59)	2.1 (2.01–2.85)	2.93 (2.2–3.65)	p1–3=0.001
IFN-γ/IL-4, standard units		59.1 (19.45–87.0)	2.2 (0.54–3.16)	1.16 (0.5–1.77)	p1–3=0.001

р_{1–3, 2–3, 1–2} – level of significance of differences between groups (criterion Mann–Whitney). spont., spontaneous level; ind., induced level.

Table 3. Populations and subpopulations of lymphocytes and parameters of spontaneous and induced production of intracellular cytokines of children with ELBW in PCA, Me (LQ-UQ).

Показатели		Newborns with ELBW conceived using ART (subgroup 1, n = 24)	Newborns with ELBW conceived naturally (subgroup 2, n = 25)	Full-term newborns conceived naturally (subgroup 3, n = 15)	p
Parameters	10^9/l	5.5 (4.25–6.2)	4.4 (3.2–4.5)	12.47 (10.11–14.01)	p1–3, 2–3, 1–2 =0.001
Lymphocytes	%	69.0 (59.0–80.0)	83.0 (74.0–86.0)	39 (33.5–47.5)	p1–3, 2–3, 1–2 =0.010
	10^9/l	3.1 (1.88–3.52)	3.78 (3.44–5.48)	4.9 (4.25–5.85)	p1–3, 1–2 =0.014
CD3^+	%	60.0 (44.0–66.0)	58.0 (52.0–63.0)	60.0 (37.5–64.25)
	10^9/l	1.86 (0.83–2.32)	2.68 (1.94–3.54)	2.79 (1.94–3.21)	p1–3, 1–2 =0.014
CD19^+	%	17.0 (6.0–22.0)	25.0 (19.0–32.0)	11.05 (7.0–14.25)	p2–3 =0.010
	10^9/l	0.53 (0.11–0.77)	1.36 (0.65–1.74)	0.50 (0.32–0.75)	p 2–3, 1–2 =0.010
CD3^+CD4^+	%	17.0 (16.0–41.0)	33.0 (27.0–39.0)	35.5 (29.75–42.5)	p1–3, 2–3 =0.001
	10^9/l	0.53 (0.3–1.44)	1.39 (1.08–2.06)	1.79 (1.49–2.19)	p1–3, 1–2 =0.010
CD3^+CD8^+	%	26.0 (26.0–44.0)	21.0 (16.0–32.0)	13.5 (11.0–17.25)	p1–3 =0.01
	10^9/l	0.92 (0.49–1.36)	0.87 (0.74–1.28)	0.75 (0.55–1.3)
CD3^−СD16^+56^+	%	18.0 (13.0–47.0)	12.0 (8.0–14.0)	11.0 (3.5–17.5)	p1–3, 2–3 =0.010
	10^9/l	0.56 (0.46–0.89)	0.47 (0.38–0.72)	0.37 (0.20–0.92)	p1–3 =0.012
CD4/CD8		0.62 (0.39–1.58)	1.6 (1.19–1.71)	2.45 (1.78–2.42)	p1–3, 2–3, 1–2 =0.013
CD3^+CD95^+	%	9.0 (7.0–10..0)	5.0 (4.0–7.0)	3..0 (1.0–4.5)	p1–3=0.012
	10^9/л	0.18 (0.05–0.2)	0.085 (0.065–0.18)	0.13 (0.06–0.18)
CD4^+IFN-γ^+, %	Spont.	4.1 (3.49–4.79)	3.93 (0.8–4.45)	3.28 (1.22–5.88)	p1–3=0.010
	Ind.	6.67 (6.31–7.77)	5.26 (4.31–6.87)	4.97 (3.24–7.38)	p1–3=0.010
CD4^+IL-4^+, %	Spont.	1.21 (0.99–2.06)	2.66 (2.0–4.54)	3.18 (2.18–4.83)	p1–3=0.010
	Ind.	2.71 (2.25–3.18)	0.84 (0.52–1.21)	1.84 (1.08–4.45)
Polarization Index,  standard units	Spont.	3.25 (1.57–4.84)	2.22 (1.71–2.94)	0.84 (0.52–2.2)	p1–3=0.010 p2–3=0.03
	Ind.	2.42 (2.15–2.76)	2.42 (1.63–3.17)	0.96 (0.57–1.4)	p1–3, 2–3 =0.010
IFN-γ, pg/ml		7.5 (6.5–8.75)	4.25 (1.31–7.79)	3.12 (1.36–4.44)	p1–3=0.010
IL-4, pg/ml		2.17 (2.05–2.29)	2.97 (2.07–3.41)	2.93 (2.2–3.65)
IFN-γ/IL-4, standard units		3.82 (3.65–6.5)	1.85 (0.63–2.29)	1.16 (0.5–1.77)	p1–3=0.010

р_{1–3, 2–3, 1–2} – level of significance of differences between groups (criterion Mann–Whitney). spont., spontaneous level; ind., induced level.