Serum uric acid and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow chart of study selection.

Table 1. The characteristics of the included studies.

First author	Year	Country	Study design	Detection time of SUA	Sample size		GDM diagnoses	SUA level (unit)		Odds ratio (95%CI)
					GDM	Control		GDM	Control
Laughon S. K. [34]	2009	USA	Cohort study	6–11 GW	73	1497	Non-IADPSG	NR	NR	Q1: reference Q2: 1.62 (0.63–4.22) Q3: 2.35 (0.96–5.78) Q4: 3.25 (1.35–7.83)
Zhou J. [33]	2012	China	Cohort study	20 GW	100	900	Non-IADPSG	231.3 ± 62.7 μmol/L	217.9 ± 50.3 μmol/L	Non-hyperuricemia (≤420 μmol/L): reference Hyperuricemia (>420 μmol/L): 2.34 (1.44–3.83)
Wolak T. [31]	2012	Israel	Cohort study	<20 GW	417	5090	Non-IADPSG	3.4 ± 1.0mEq/L	3.2 ± 0.9mEq/L	1.3 (1.1–1.5)
Maged A. M. [32]	2014	Egypt	Cohort study	<15 GW	27	242	Non-IADPSG	3.43 ± 0.61 mg/dl	3.29 ± 0.69 mg/dl	NR
Şahin Aker S. [26]	2016	Turkey	Case-control study	<14 GW	66	202	Non-IADPSG	5.95 ± 0.97 mg/dl	3.76 ± 1.07 mg/dl	NR
Correa P. J. [28]	2019	Chile	Case-control study	<14 GW	16	80	IADPSG	2.98 ± 0.75 mg/dl	2.73 ± 0.74 mg/dl	NR
Mishu F. A. [29]	2019	Bangladeshi	Case-control study	15–27 GW	86	86	IADPSG	4.47 ± 0.42 mg/dl	4.43 ± 0.63 mg/dl	NR
Li Y. [36]	2020	China	Cohort study	16–18 GW	396	1373	IADPSG	216.45 ± 46.07 μmol/L	209.36 ± 42.87 μmol/L	Q1: reference Q2: 1.195 (0.840–1.699) Q3: 1.111 (0.777–1.588) Q4: 1.463 (1.034–2.070)
Li J. [27]	2021	China	Case-control study	11–17 GW	80	317	IADPSG	220.50 ± 62.00 μmol/L	204.00 ± 60.00 μmol/L	1.003 (0.997–1.009)
Zhao Y. [35]	2022	China	Cohort study	<24 GW	8494^a	60657^a	IADPSG	208.05 ± 40.78^b	199.05 ± 37.81^b	Q1: reference Q2: 1.11 (1.05–1.22) Q3: 1.27 (1.17–1.37) Q4: 1.37 (1.27–1.48)
Hu T. [30]	2022	China	Case-control study	6–14 GW	60	90	IADPSG	NR	NR	4.76 (2.08–10.9)

CI: confidence interval; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; GW: gestational week; IADPSG: the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria; NR: not reported; Q1–Q4: quartile 1–4; SUA: serum uric acid.

^aThis number was not directly reported in the original article and was calculated according to the number of each subgroup and the proportion.

^bThese data were obtained according to the calculation using the median and range which were given in the original article.

Figure 2. Forest plots of the SMD in the levels of SUA between GDM and NGT Groups; (A) results of overall meta-analysis; subgroup analysis according to (B) study continents, (C) study design, (D) detection time of SUA, (E) GDM diagnostic approach, and (F) methodological quality. CI: confidence interval; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; IADPSG: the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria; SD: standard deviation; SMD: standardized mean difference; SUA: serum uric acid.

Figure 3. Forest plots of the association between SUA levels and GDM Risks. (A) results of overall meta-analysis; subgroup analysis according to (B) study continents, (C) study design, (D) detection time of SUA, (E) GDM diagnostic approach, and (F) methodological quality. CI: confidence interval; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; IADPSG: the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups criteria; OR: odds ratio; SUA: serum uric acid.

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Data availability statement

This meta-analysis was based on published articles. All the data used in this study was available in this current article. The raw data can be found in the original reviewed articles.