One abnormal value or vomiting after oral glucose tolerance test in pregnancy: incidence and impact on maternal-fetal outcomes

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow diagram of the study and analyzed groups.

GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; DM, diabetes mellitus; NGT, normal glucose tolerance; OAV, one abnormal value; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; SMBG, self-measurement blood glucose.

Table 1. Baseline characteristics and maternal-fetal outcomes in OGTT-intolerant pregnant women.

	GDM (n = 326)	NGT (n = 2,184)	OGTT-intolerants (n = 65)	OGTT-intolerants
				Treated (n = 37)	Non-treated (n = 28)
Age	33.5 ± 5.1	32.7 ± 5.7	33.6 ± 5.9	32.5 ± 6.0	34.9 ± 5.7
Smoking (active) (%)	24 (7.3)	228 (10.4)	5 (7.6)	2 (5.4)	3 (10.7)
Pre-gestational BMI	27.5 ± 5.2	25.3 ± 5.0	26.5 ± 6.4	26.2 ± 5.5	27.0 ± 7.6
Weight gain (kg)	7.8 ± 4.6	10.9 ± 4.9	9.74 ± 6.9	9.5 ± 6.1	10.0 ± 8.2
HbA1c 1st trimester	5.29 ± 0.4	5.05 ± 0.3	5.17 ± 0.5a^,b	5.21 ± 0.5	5.12 ± 0.4
Ethnicity (%)
Caucasian	104 (31.9)	1197 (54.8)	35 (53.8)a	17 (45.9)	18 (64.2)
Latin American	28 (8.5)	252 (11.5)	4 (6.1)	3 (8.1)	1 (3.5)
Indo-Pakistani	122 (37.4)	320 (14.6)	14 (21.5)	8 (21.6)	6 (21.4)
Moroccan	26 (7.9)	167 (7.6)	6 (9.2)	5 (13.5)	1 (3.5)
Asian	39 (11.9)	124 (5.6)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Others	2 (0.6)	47 (2.1)	3 (4.6)	2 (5.4)	1 (3.5)
DM family history (%)	162 (49.6)	369 (16.8)	17 (26.1)a	15 (40.5)	2 (7.1)c
Previous GDM (%)	71 (21.7)	36 (1.6)	1 (1.5)a	0 (0)	1 (3.5)
Previous macrosomia (%)	13 (39.8)	54 (2.4)	2 (3)	1 (2.7)	1 (3.5)
Gestational age at birth	38.7 ± 1.8	38.8 ± 1.9	38.9 ± 2.8	39.6 ± 1.2	38.0 ± 4.0c
Preterm birth (%)	37 (11.3)	137 (6.2)	3 (4.6)	0 (0)	3 (10.7)
Pre-eclampsia (%)	13 (3.9)	74 (3.3)	1 (1.5)	1 (2.7)	0 (0)
Macrosomia (%)	19 (5.8)	139 (6.3)	2 (3)	0 (0)	2 (7.1)
Delivery method (%)
Eutocia	180 (55.2)	1341 (65.4)	35 (53.8)	19 (51.3)	16 (57.1)
Instrumented	50 (15.3)	270 (12.3)	7 (10.7)	5 (13.5)	2 (7.1)
Cesarean section	87 (26.6)	555 (25.4)	21 (32.3)	11 (29.7)	10 (35.7)
Newborn weight (g)	3227.3 ± 500.8	3262.1 ± 521.9	3204.1 ± 686.2	3325.1 ± 436.7	3052.9 ± 893.5
Fetal growth restriction	6 (1.8)	55 (2.5)	2 (3)	1 (2.7)	1 (3.5)

^ap < 0.05 for the comparison GDM vs OGTT-intolerant pregnant women.

^bp < 0.05 for the comparison NGT vs OGTT-intolerant pregnant women.

^cp < 0.05 for the comparison OGTT-intolerant pregnant women: treated vs non-treated.

P values for obstetrical outcomes were adjusted for age and initial BMI.

GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; NGT: normal glucose tolerance; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; DM: diabetes mellitus; FGR: fetal growth restriction.

Table 2. Baseline characteristics and maternal-fetal outcomes for one abnormal value (OAV) pregnant women.

	GDM (n = 326)	NGT (n = 2184)	OAV (n = 87)	OAV
				Treated(n = 43)	Non-treated (n = 44)
Age	33.5 ± 5.1	32.7 ± 5.7	33.7 ± 4.7	33.6 ± 4.5	33.95 ± 5.0
Smoking (active) (%)	24 (7.3)	228 (10.4)	11 (12.6)	8 (18.6)	3 (6.9)
Pre-gestational BMI	27.5 ± 5.2	25.3 ± 5.0	27.1 ± 4.7b	27.9 ± 5.2	26.2 ± 4.1
Weight gain (kg)	7.8 ± 4.6	10.9 ± 4.9	9.7 ± 5.9a	8.9 ± 6.0	10.8 ± 5.8
HbA1c 1st trimester	5.29 ± 0.4	5.05 ± 0.3	5.18 ± 0.3a^,b	5.17 ± 0.3	5.19 ± 0.3
Ethnicity (%)
Caucasian	104 (31.9)	1197 (54.8)	39 (44.8)	20 (46.5)	19 (43.1)
Latin American	28 (8.5)	252 (11.5)	7 (8)	5 (11.6)	2 (4.5)
Indo-Pakistani	122 (37.4)	320 (14.6)	23 (26.4)	12 (27.9)	11 (25)
Moroccan	26 (7.9)	167 (7.6)	7 (8)	3 (6.9)	4 (9)
Asian	39 (11.9)	124 (5.6)	5 (5.7)	2 (4.6)	3 (6.8)
Others	2 (0.6)	47 (2.1)	2 (2.2)	1 (2.3)	1 (2.2)
DM family history (%)	162 (49.6)	369 (16.8)	18 (20.6)a	10 (23.2)	8 (18)
Previous GDM (%)	71 (21.7)	36 (1.6)	7 (8)a^,b	7 (16.2)c	0 (0)
Previous macrosomia	13 (39.8)	54 (2.4)	2 (2.2)	0 (0)	2 (4.5)
Gestational age at birth	38.7 ± 1.8	39.3 ± 1.9	38.7 ± 1.8b	38.8 ± 1.9	38.8 ± 2.0
Preterm birth (%)	37 (11.3)	137 (6.2)	6 (6.8)	1 (2.3)	5 (11.3)
Pre-eclampsia (%)	13 (3.9)	74 (3.3)	3 (3.4)	2 (4.6)	1 (2.2)
Macrosomia (%)	19 (5.8)	139 (6.3)	6 (6.8)	2 (4.6)	4 (4.5)
Delivery method (%)
Eutocia	180 (55.2)	1341 (61.4)	46 (52.8)	26 (60.4)	20 (45.4)
Instrumented	50 (15.3)	270 (12.3)	11 (12.6)	6 (13.9)	5 (11.3)
Cesarean section	87 (26.6)	555 (25.4)	24 (27.5)	11 (25.5)	13 (29.5)
Newborn weight (g)	3227.3 ± 500.8	3262.1 ± 521.9	3351.1 ± 436.7a	3361.6 ± 382.7	3338.9 ± 497.4
FGR (%)	6 (1.8)	55 (2.5)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)

^ap < 0.05 for the comparison GDM vs OAV.

^bp < 0.05 for the comparison NGT vs OAV.

^c p < 0.05 for the comparison OAV treated vs non-treated.

P values for obstetrical outcomes were adjusted for age and initial BMI.

GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; NGT: normal glucose tolerance; OAV: one abnormal value; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; BMI: body mass index; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; DM: diabetes mellitus; FGR: fetal growth restriction.