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Original Articles

The Dish Might Be Overspiced: Fears, Doubts and Criticisms in French Perceptions of Chinese Olympic and Other Successes

Pages 876-892 | Published online: 19 May 2008
 

Abstract

Since the Ping-Pong diplomacy of the early 1970s and the readmission of the People's Republic of China to the IOC in 1979 at a time when the Chinese Government was moving towards economic reform, Europe has watched closely the growth of China and its economic challenge to the USA and indeed other powerful economies. The European perceptions of, and reactions to Chinese successes have been contradictory. On one hand, much has been done by Europe to be included in the economic great match, for instance the strategic partnership between China and France forged on the initiative of President Jacques Chirac in 1997. On the other hand, concerns have been often expressed about other aspects of the Chinese society. Consequently, contradictions have been apparent in responses to Chinese sport successes and bids for the Olympic Games. Criticism had nowhere been stronger than in France, the self-proclaimed country of Human Rights. The Tiananmen Square Massacre in 1989 had an immense impact in France, where the bicentenary of the French Revolution had just been celebrated. This criticism culminated recently in Ségolène Royal's official demand for a Boycott of the Beijing Olympic Games during her campaign for the French Presidency, in 2007.

Notes

Much literature on this issue has been published in recent years. See, for example, Chee and West, China: Mythos und Realität; ‘Le devenir financier de la Chine’; Marteau, Le secteur bancaire et les marchés financiers en Chine; La Chine: un colosse financier?; Howie and Walter, Privatizing China; Aglietta and Landry, La Chine du XXIème siècle.

Mar and Richter, China: Enabling a New Era of Changes; ‘Chine: les enjeux de la mondialisation’; Gavalda and Rouvin, La Chine face à la mondialisation.

Bernstein and Munro, The Coming Conflict with China; Bush and O'Hanlon, A War Like No Other; Spitaels, Chine-USA, la Guerra aura-t-elle lieu?

J. Ruffier, Faut-il avoir peur des usines chinoises?.

Peyrefitte, Quand la Chine s'éveillera … Le monde tremblera. The sentence has been attributed to Napoléon I, who is said to have pronounced it in 1816.

Chinese historians generally agree on the political rupture in 1978, which marked the beginning of a new phase in the socialist construction of the Chinese society. See Xingxing, ‘Current Status of PRC Studies’.

I have chosen to analyse the French perception of the increasing economic, political and sporting power of China through the daily newspaper Le Monde, which remains the reference in France. Although independent, this newspaper is in fact politically oriented centre-left. It coverts the three national and international dimensions that this text endeavours to link: the Olympic Games, human rights and the economy. For the newspaper's history, see in particular Eveno, Histoire du journal Le Monde.

On this issue, see especially Brownell, ‘Sport and Politics Don't Mix’.

Fan Hong and Xiong Xiaozheng, ‘Communist China: Sport, Politics and Diplomacy’.

Segal, Openness and Foreign Policy Reform; Quansheng Zhao, Interpreting Chinese Foreign Policy; Chan, China and International Organizations; Chan, ‘“Three Chinas” and International Organizations after 1997’; Necker, La politique étrangère de la Chine populaire aux Nations Unies. The Chinese historiography considers the work of Kirby and Dayong (China's Interaction with the World) as one of the most significant on this issue. See Dayong and Lan, ‘International Historical Studies in PRC during the Post-WWII Period’.

B. Pedroletti, ‘La Chine dans le jeu de quilles des agences d'aides multilatérales’, Le Monde Economie, 22 May 2007.

‘Nouvel excédent commercial record pour la Chine’, Le Monde, 11 Nov. 2006.

B. Pedroletti, ‘Les marques de sport chinoises misent sur les Jeux de Pékin’, Le Monde, 3 Jan. 2007.

B. Philip, ‘La Chine s'imagine en grande puissance’, Le Monde, 6 Feb. 2007.

On these issues, see Riordan and Dong Jinxia, ‘Chinese Women and Sport’; Fan Hong, ‘Innoncence Lost’.

See, for instance, ‘Chine, encore un effort’, Le Monde, 31 Aug. 2004; S. Bardon, ‘Prêts pour Pékin’, Le Monde, 29 Aug. 2004; F. Potet and G. van Kote, ‘La Chine déjà prête pour ses JO à Pékin’, Le Monde, 22 Aug. 2004.

Analyses of the political background of the bid of Beijing are developed in Close et al., The Beijing Olympiad.

S. Pisar, ‘La Chine et le Monde’, Le Monde, 8 Nov. 2002.

J.C. Buhrer, ‘Un immense marché ouvert à tous les pays du monde’, Le Monde, 19 Sept. 2001.

‘Textile: la fin des quotas ne se traduira pas par un raz-de-marée des importations chinoises’, Le Monde, 8 June 2007.

S. Marti et J.M. Bezat, ‘Le défi chinois – fabriquer et vendre tout et partout’, Le Monde, 15 June 2005.

P. Ricard, ‘L'UE menace de porter ses contentieux commerciaux avec Pékin devant l'OMC’, Le Monde, 26 Oct. 2006.

‘Les Etats-Unis engagent une procédure contre la Chine devant l'OMC’, Le Monde, 2 Feb. 2007.

During the 2000s, China produced half of the world's production of cameras, 30% of washing machines and 20% of fridges.

R. Ourdan and B. Philip, ‘M. Chirac veut consolider le “partenariat” avec Pékin’, Le Monde, 26 Oct. 2006.

Bruno Philip, ‘Paris n'est que le onzième partenaire commercial de Pékin’, Le Monde, 10 Oct. 2004.

‘Jacques Chirac appelle les entreprises françaises à conquérir le marché chinois’, Le Monde, 10 Oct. 2004.

Le Monde, 25 Oct. 2006.

L. Girard, ‘La Chine devient une nouvelle terre de conquête’, Le Monde, 16 Aug. 2005.

B. Pedroletti, ‘La perspective des Jeux Olympiques stimule le “sport business” en Chine’, Le Monde, 6 July 2005.

Ibid.

S. Lauer, ‘Décathlon espère profiter de l'intérêt naissant de la Chine pour le sport’, Le Monde, 29 Nov. 2003.

M.B. Baudet, ‘A Shanghaï, les Français prospectent un marché naissant’, Le Monde, 13 Dec. 2005.

F. Deron, ‘Chine, Hu Yaobang plus encombrant mort que vivant’, Le Monde, 18 April 1989; F. Deron, ‘Chine des milliers d'étudiants ont manifesté en hommage à Hu Yaobant’, Le Monde, 19 April 1989.

F. Deron, ‘Chine, la poursuite des manifestations étudiantes. Le régime contesté en plein cœur de Pékin’, Le Monde, 20 April 1989; F. Deron, ‘Chine l'hommage des Chinoise à“Hu Yaobang le Démocrate”. Les manifestations s'amplifient à Pékin en faveur de la libéralisation’, Le Monde, 21 April 1989.

F. Deron, ‘Les funérailles de Hu Yaobang. L'ampleur des manifestations populaires met en difficulté les dirigeants chinois’, Le Monde, 23 April 1989; F. Deron, ‘Après les manifestations de Pékin, des émeutes ont eu lieu dans deux villes de province’, Le Monde, 25 April 1989.

F. Deron, ‘Chine, des milliers d'étudiants ont manifestéà vélo dans les rues de la capitale’, Le Monde, 12 May 1989; F. Deron, ‘La Chine à l'heure des bouleversements. Une marée humaine a envahi le centre de Pékin’, Le Monde, 18 May 1989; F. Deron, ‘Le chaos est complet à Pékin’, Le Monde, 19 May 1989.

F. Deron, ‘Les rumeurs de la place Tiananmen’, Le Monde, 21 May 1989.

P. de Beer, ‘Les manifestations en Chine, Manifestations de solidaritéà Paris et dans le monde “1789–1989, Bastille-Tiananmen”’, Le Monde, 23 May 1989.

A. Jacob, ‘Chine: un peuple humilié’, Le Monde, 23 June 1989.

Y. Agnès, Ombres et lumières', Le Monde, 11 June 1989.

‘Pékin proteste contre la présence d'étudiants chinois dans la parade du 14 juillet’, Le Monde, 19 July 1989.

Miles, The Legacy of Tiananmen Square. See also Lui, ‘Looking Back at Tiananmen Square’.

Rawnsley and Rawnsley, Political Communication in Greater China.

Will and Delmas-Marty, La Chine et la Démocratie.

F. Deron, ‘Taïwan, victime de la Realpolitik de l'Occident’, Le Monde, 29 Jan. 2004.

Brownell, Training the Body for China; Riordan and Jones, Sport and Physical Education in China; Broudehoux, The Making and Selling of Post-Mao Beijing.

Jarvie, Sport, Culture and Society, 366. The two arguments are highlighted in the American context in chapter 22 of Kennedy, China Cross Talk.

F. Deron, ‘Votez Pékin!’, Le Monde, 13 July 2001.

Wei Jingsheng is an emblematic figure of Chinese contestation.

J.C. Buhrer, ‘Dissidents chinois, Ouïgours et Tibétains contre la candidature de Pékin aux JO’, Le Monde, 17 April 2001.

J.C. Buhrer, ‘Reporters sans frontières lance une campagne contre l'attribution des Jeux olympiques à Pékin’, Le Monde, 19 June 2001.

M. Holzman, ‘JO: Pékin2008 après Berlin 1936?’, Le Monde, 11 July 2001.

See, for instance, the criticisms of S. Cypel (avec F. Bobin, à Pékin), ‘Le clientélisme olympique de Pékin’, Le Monde, 11 July 2001.

F. Potet, ‘Lors du grand oral du CIO, personne n'a évoqué les droits de l'homme’, Le Monde, 15 July 2001.

F. Bobin, ‘La communauté internationale offre une nouvelle légitimité au régime’, Le Monde, 15 July 2001. See also ‘Le CIO confère à la Chine le rang de puissance reconnue’, Le Monde, 15 July 2001.

This non-governmental organization is mainly European-based.

Olympic Watch, ‘Human Rights Organizations Unveil “Minimum Standards for Beijing 2008”’, 29 Aug. 2004, available online at http://www.olympicwatch.org, accessed 3 Sept. 2007.

Olympic Watch, ‘After Turin, Focus on Beijing's Human Rights Record’, 28 Feb. 28 2006; ‘Chinese Human Rights Activists Write IOC’, 19 May 2007, available online at http://www.olympicwatch.org, accessed 3 Sept. 2007.

Olympic Watch, ‘Two years until Beijing 2008: IOC fails, activists call on athletes, sponsors to act’, 7 Aug. 2006; ‘Olympic Watch writes National Olympic Committees’, 10 Dec. 2006, available online at http://www.olympicwatch.org, accessed 3 Sept. 2007. The second letter mentions that 300,000 inhabitants of Beijing may have been moved for safety reasons, and as a consequence of the Olympic Games.

For instance in F. Edelmann, ‘Le stade, premier exploit des JO’, Le Monde, 12 Jan. 2006.

For instance, B. Philip, ‘Chine: le pouvoir reconnaît l'usage de la torture par la police’, Le Monde, 22 Nov. 2006; B. Pedroletti, ‘Des membres du Fa Lun Gong seraient victimes d'un trafic d'organes en Chine’, Le Monde, 18 Aug. 2006.

B. Philip, ‘Des usines chinoises accusées d'“abus flagrants” avant les JO’, Le Monde, 15 June 2007. See also: ‘Les articles de souvenir des JO de Pékin fabriqués par des enfants', Le Monde.Fr avec AFP et Reuters, 11 June 2007, available at http://www.lemonde.fr/, accessed 16 Sept. 2007. This report resulted in an official investigation by the organizing committee of the games.

S. Mandard, ‘Demain, des athlètes seront génétiquement modifiés’, Le Monde, 4 Dec. 2005.

A. Jacob and B. Philip, ‘Le régime chinois interpellé en Europe sur la liberté de la presse’, Le Monde, 16 Sept. 2006.

‘Amnesty dénonce une répression accrue en Chine à l'approche des Jeux Olympiques de 2008’, Le Monde, 30 April 2007.

B. Pedroletti, ‘La presse chinoise entend se servir des JO de Pékin pour marquer des points contre la censure’, Le Monde, 10 Aug. 2006.

‘JO 2008: Pékin promet un air “aussi pur qu’à Paris”’, Le Monde, 3 Jan. 2001.

‘La Chine en passé de devenir le premier émetteur de gaz à effet de serre’, Le Monde, 25 April 2007.

B.P., ‘Quelques lueurs dans la fournaise polluée de l'été’, Le Monde, 17 June 2007.

B. Philip, ‘Pékin veut “civiliser” ses citoyens pour les JO’, Le Monde, 28 March 2007; Bruno Philip, ‘Pékin apprend les bonnes manières’, Le Monde, 17 June 2007.

As a summary of this complex issue: China supported the decision of Sudan not to open a humanitarian channel to Darfur.

‘Le parcours de la flamme olympique en Chine fait débat’, Le Monde, 25 April 2007.

‘Bayrou réitère sa meance de boycotter les JO de Pékin’, Le Monde, 3 April 2007.

C. Jakubyszyn, ‘Darfour: Mme Royal menace Pékin d'un boycott des JO’, Le Monde, 4 May 2007.

The French president's links with economic and financial circles are well-known. See, for instance, Noir et al., Nicolas Sarkozy ou le destin de Brutus.

‘Une incroyable cote d'amour à Pékin’, Le Monde, Supplément spécial, 6 July 2005.

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