From Women and Sport to Gender and Sport: Transnational, Transdisciplinary, and Intersectional Perspectives

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Notes

 1. Some of the more prominent of these organizations are: The Women's Sports Foundation (1974), the Israel Organization for Physical Education and Sport for Girls and Women (1980), Canadian Association for the Advancement of Women and Sport and Physical Activity (1981), Women's Sports and Fitness Foundation (1984), The European Women and Sport Group (1992), The Hellenic Union for Promoting Women in Sport and Physical Activity (1994), and the Japanese Society for Sport and Gender Studies (2002).

 2. The International Working Group on Women and Sport (IWG) was established in 1994 at the First World Conference on Women and Sport held in Brighton, which was followed by the first conference devoted to women and sport that was sponsored by the IOC in 1996.

 3. Considerable work concerning gender and sport has been done by scholars in a number of other countries with European and international perspectives. For example, see Else Trangbæk and Arnd Krüger, eds. Gender & Sport from European Perspectives. Copenhagen: Institute of Exercise and Sport Sciences, 1999; Gertrud Pfister's ‘Doing gender - die Inszenierung des Geschlechts im Eiskunstlauf und im Kunstturnen’ in Norberg, Johan R. (Hrsg.): Studier i idrott, historia och samhälle. Tillägnade professor Jan Lindroth pa has 60-arsdag. Stockholm: HLA Förlag, 2000, 170–201; Ilse Harmann-Tews and Gertrud Pfister, eds. Sport and Women: Social Issues in International Perspective. London: Routledge and ISCPES, 2003; Tema: Idræt og køn, Dansk Sociologi, Nr. 2/15, Juli, 2004; Gori, G., ‘Sport and Gender’, in Scott A. G. M. Crawford (ed.), ‘Serious Sport’: J. A. Mangan's Contribution to the History of Sport. London: Frank Cass, 2004; Hofmann, A. and Trangbæk, E., eds. International Perspectives on Sporting Women in Past and Present. Copenhagen: Institute of Exercise and Sport Sciences, 2005; Bandy, S.J., Hofmann, A.R. and Krüger, A., eds. Gender, Body and Sport in Historical and Transnational Perspectives. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovač, 2008; and Gori, G., ed. Sport and Gender Matters in Western Countries: Old Borders and New Challenges. Sankt Augustin: Academia Verlag, 2008. For additional national perspectives, see the following: Argentina: Liana Morelli. Mujeres Deportistas. Buenos Aires: El Planeta, 1990). Australia: John Daly. Feminae Ludens (Adelaide: Openbook Publishers, 1994). Canada: Jean Cochrane, et al. Women in Canadian Sports (Toronto: Fitzhenry and Whiteside, 1977); M. Ann Hall and Dorothy Richardson. Fair Ball: Towards Sex Equality in Canadian Sport (Ottawa, ON: The Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women, 1982); Laura Robinson. She Shouts She Scores: Canadian Perspectives on Women and Sport (Toronto: Thompson Educational Publishers, 1997; and Phillip White and Kevin Young, eds. Sport and Gender in Canada. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999; M. Ann Hall, The Girl and the Game: A History of Women's Sport in Canada. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2002; China: Fan Hong. Footbinding, Feminism and Freedom: The Liberation of Women's Bodies in Modern China. London: Frank Cass, 1997; and Jinxia Dong. Women, Sport and Society in Modern China: Holding Up More than Half the Sky. London: Frank Cass, 2003; Denmark: Inge Kryger Pedersen. Den excellente præstation. Elitesport, kvinder og Karriere. Sociologisk Institut, Københavns Universitet, 1998; Thing, Lone Friis. Sport – en emotional affåre. Kvinder, holdsport og aggression. Sociologisk Institut, Københavns Universitet, 1999; and Alice Riis Bach. Kvinder på banen: sport, køn og medier. København: Narayana Press, 2002; France: Françoise Laget, et al. Le Grand Livre du Sport. Bellville-s-Saone: SIGEFA, 1982 and Pierre Arnaud and Thierry Terret. Histoire du sport féminin. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1996 ; Germany: Gertrud Pfister. Frau und Sport. Frankfurt/M.: Fischer, 1980; Marie-Luise Klein. Frauensport in der Tagespress. Bochum: Studienverl. Brockmeyer, 1986; Birgit Palzkill. Die Entwicklung lesbischer Identität im Sport. Bielefeld: Frauenoffensive, 1990; and Gertrud Pfister. Frauensport in der DDR. Köln: Strauß, 2002; Hungary: Levelekiné, R. Matild, ed. A Nö és a Sport. Budapest: TTT, 1963; Italy: Gian Maria Madella. Atleta al femminile: la donna e lo sport: storia di un' emancipazione difficile. Como: Editnova, 1979; Alessandro Salvini. Identita Femminile e Sport. La Nuova Italia, date of publication unknown; Angela Teja. Educazione fisica al femminile. SSS Ed.: Roma 1995, and Gigliola Gori. Female Bodies, Sport, Italian Fascism: Submissive Women and Strong Mothers. London: Frank Cass Publishers, 2004; Norway: Gerd Von der Lippe, ed. Kvinner og Idrett: Fra Myte til Realitet. Oslo, Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 1982; Spain: Mujer y Deporte. Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura, 1986; United Kingdom: Kathleen E. McCrone. Playing the Game: Sport and the Physical Emancipation of English Women, 1870 – 194l. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1988.

 4. Refer to Scott, ‘Women's History’, 34–50.

 5. Some of the earliest books included: Reet Howell, ed. Her Story in Sport: A Historical Anthology of Women in Sports. West Point, NY: Leisure Press, 1982; Gerber, Ellen. The American Woman in Sport. London: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1974; Carole A. Oglesby, ed. Women and Sport: From Myth to Reality. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1978; and Mary A. Boutilier's and Lucinda San Giovanni's The Sporting Woman. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1983.

 6. For a more complete analysis of the influence of gender upon the discourse in sports studies, refer to: Bandy, ‘Gender’; Bandy, ‘Fra “sex” til “gender”; Birrell, ‘Discourses’; Hall, ‘The Discourse’; and Bandy, ‘Køn og idrætsforskning’.

 7. Scott, ‘Women's History’, 41

 8. Hall, Feminism and Sporting Bodies, 11.

 9. Vertinsky, ‘Gender Relations’, 1–24.

10. Struna, ‘Gender and Sporting Practice’, 2.

11. Parratt, ‘From the History of Women in Sport’, 9. Also see Parratt, ‘Little Means or Time’, 22–53.

12. See Mangan and Park, From ‘Fair Sex’ to Feminism.

13. Hargreaves, Sporting Females.

14. McKay and Huber, ‘Anchoring Media Images’, 207.

15. Nash, ‘Re-thinking Intersectionality’, 1–15.

16. Lorber, Breaking the Bowls, 7.

17. Collins, ‘Moving Beyond Gender’, 263.

18. See Ritchie, ‘Sex Tested,’ and Wackwitz, ‘Verifying the Myth’.

19. See Cavanagh and Sykes, ‘Transexual Bodies’ and Sykes ‘ Transsexual and Gender Policies’.

20. See Caudwell, Sport.