Exploring the potential of blockchain-enabled lean automation in supply chain management: a systematic literature review, classification taxonomy, and future research agenda

Figures & data

Table 1. Holistic taxonomy of waste.

Waste	Definition	Examples	References
Operations waste	Operations waste are inefficiencies that arise throughout the entire flow of material.	7 types of wastes (overproduction, waiting, transportation, over-processing, inventory, movement, and defect); making-do (when a task is started without all necessary inputs)	Ohno 1988; Formoso et al. 2017; Koskela 2004
Information Management waste	Efficient information management can provide steady advantage to generate financial and economic benefits, only if the information flow is accurate, updated, and complete	Flow excess (time and the resources that are necessary to overcome excessive information); flow demand (time and resources spent trying to identify the information elements that need to flow); failure demand (resources and activities that are necessary to overcome a lack of information; flawed flow (resources and activities that are necessary to correct or verify information).	Hicks 2007; Invernizzi, Locatelli, and Brookes 2018; Redeker, Kessler, and Kipper 2019
Environmental waste	Environmental waste is the excessive or unnecessary use of substances or resources released into the water, air, or land that could harm human health or the environment.	Eight green manufacturing wastes (greenhouse gases, eutrophication, excessive resource usage, excessive power usage, pollution, rubbish, excessive water usage, and poor health and safety)	Fercoq, Lamouri, and Carbone 2016; Hines 2009; EPA US and SPNSP Network 2007
Human health	This refers to the safety and well-being of people involved in a firms’ SC processes.	Unsafe work environments; human-rights violations; exposure to toxic waste	Purushothaman, Seadon, and Moore 2020; Akbar and Ahsan 2019; Gonzalez-Padron 2016
Governance waste	Governance waste refers to inefficiencies in the economic exchange among firms and their associated organizations	Bureaucracy; poor internal and external communication structures; delays in task completion from external agencies (e.g. consultants)	Burkert, Ivens, and Shan 2012; Yadlapalli, Rahman, and Gunasekaran 2018; Purushothaman, Seadon, and Moore 2020
Technology waste	Technology waste occurs as a result of deficiencies in technological systems.	Hardware faults; software bugs; programming defects; connectivity issues; improper infrastructure; security threats	Bhattacharya and Fiondella 2016; Plenert 2011; Raj et al. 2020; Lee and Lee 2015
Decision-making waste	Decision-making waste refers to any inhibiting factor affecting a decision-makers’ rationality.	Uncertainty; heuristics; decision complexity; limited memory	Riedl et al. 2013; Bolis, Morioka, and Sznelwar 2017; Mantel, Tatikonda, and Liao 2006; Eisenhardt and Zbaracki 1992; Carter, Kaufmann, and Michel 2007
Financial waste	Financial waste refers to issues in the efficient finance flow through the SC phases.	Delays in payments; lack of coordination; insufficient funds to complete transaction.	Gelsomino et al. 2016; Abdel-Basset et al. 2020

Figure 1. Literature search protocol.

Table 2. String inputted in the advanced search option of the databases.

‘Blockchain’ OR ‘distributed ledger’ AND ‘procurement’ OR ‘supplier’ OR ‘supply chain’ OR ‘agriculture*’ OR ‘warehouse’ OR ‘storage’ OR ‘production’ OR ‘value chain’ OR ‘consumer’ OR ‘logistics’ OR ‘transportation’ OR ‘distribution’ OR ‘supply network’ OR ‘processor’ OR ‘retailer’ OR ‘manufacturer’.

Table 3. Quality assessment questions (Source: Adapted from Dybå and Dingsøyr 2008).

Purpose of quality assessment question	Quality assessment question
To appraise the rigour of the study.	Has a thorough and appropriate approach been applied to the key research methods in the study?
To appraise the credibility of the study.	Are the findings well-presented and meaningful?
To appraise the relevance of the study.	How useful are the findings to the supply chain industry and research community?

Table 4. Eligibility criteria after assessing full-text.

Purpose of eligibility criteria	Eligibility question
To consider papers focussed on the application of BCT rather than the computational performance or design issues of the technology.	Is this a technical paper that is focussed on the computational performance and/or design issue of BCT systems?
To locate papers where data was collected first-hand.	Is this an informative or review paper? If so, has secondary research been conducted?
To ensure BCT was not being considered as a solution for a phenomenon which was already being investigated.	Does the paper propose the use of BCT as a solution at the end of the article?
To ensure papers that solely focussed on BCT were considered.	Does the paper focus its discussion on BCT’s integration with other I4.0 technologies?

Figure 2. Bibliometric analysis of selected articles.

Table 5. Top five journals and number of papers included.

Rank	Source name	Specialised domain(s)	Number of papers	Impact factor (2019)
1	International Journal of Production Research	Manufacturing and production engineering, logistics, production strategy.	19	4.577
2	Journal of Cleaner Production	Cleaner production, environmental, and sustainability.	8	7.246
3	International Journal of Information Management	Information, knowledge, and content management	7	8.210
4	Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing	Robotics, manufacturing technologies, and innovative manufacturing strategies	5	5.057
4	Sustainability	Environmental, cultural, economic, and social sustainability of human beings.	5	2.966
5	Supply Chain Management	Operations, logistics, and supply chain management	4	4.725
5	Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation review	Logistics and transportation infrastructure and management	4	4.69
5	Production Planning and Control	Operations and supply chain management and business improvement	4	3.605
5	International Journal of Production Economics	Engineering and business, production economics, and manufacturing.	4	5.134
5	Computers & Industrial Engineering	Computers and electronic communication and industry engineering	4	4.135
5	Journal of Business Logistics	Logistics and supply chain management and business improvement	4	4.697

Table 6. Findings from the inductive content analysis.

BCT-based application themes	Characterization	Illustrative examples of papers
Factory of the future	The use of BCT to advance production processes.	Kurpjuweit et al. 2021; Lee, Azamfar, and Singh 2019; Mandolla et al. 2019; Mushtaq and Haq 2019; Li, Barenji, and Huang 2018
Tracking and tracing	The application of the BCT to identify past and present location details of a product.	Caro et al. 2018; Fernández-Caramés et al. 2019; Figorilli et al. 2018; Hastig and Sodhi 2020; Huang, Wu, and Long 2018; Miehle et al. 2019
Information and knowledge sharing	The use of BCT to allow information and/or knowledge sharing within and/or across SCs in a collaborative manner.	Epiphaniou et al. 2020; Li, Barenji, and Huang 2018; Liu and Cai 2018
Re-inventing trust	The use of BCT as a trust mechanism rather than placing trust in the hands of a traditional intermediary.	Leng et al. 2019; Hang, Ullah, and Kim 2020; Malik et al. 2019; Zhang et al. 2019
Quality control	The use of the BCT to ensure that product quality is maintained or improved.	Kuhn et al. 2018; Maiti et al. 2019; Mondal et al. 2019
Fraud and counterfeit prevention	The adoption of the BCT to authenticate transactions and/or products.	Toyoda et al. 2017; Kumar et al. 2019; Rahmadika et al. 2019
Disintermediation	The application of the BCT to replace the role of intermediaries who were previously responsible for coordinating and verifying transactions.	Angrish et al. 2018; Wen et al. 2019
Automatic decision-making	The adoption of the BCT to make independent choices without the need for human intelligence.	Liu and Cai 2018
Transparency	The use of BCT to better visibility in the SC.	Venkatesh et al. 2020; Wu, Fan, and Cao 2021; Reimers, Leber, and Lechner 2019
Security	The application of the BCT to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability.	Miraz, Mahbubulhye, et al. 2020; Su, Wang, and Kim 2018
Data recording and storage	The use of BCT as a robust and comprehensive infrastructure that allows for a network that can record and store pertinent information.	Xie, Sun, and Luo 2017; Naidu et al. 2018; Sidorov et al. 2019
Resilience	The adoption of BCT to enhance the SC’s ability to be prepared for unexpected events and respond and recover quickly to these events.	Dubey et al. 2020

Figure 3. Heatmap of blockchain application and waste reduction.

Table A1. Coding sheet for the deductive content analysis.

Overarching theme	What the coder must ask themselves	What should the coder refer to when making a decision?	Coding rules
Operational	Does the content seek to reduce any of the eight types of waste proposed in the operational waste section? (i.e. overproduction; waiting; transportation; over processing; inventory; movement; defect and making-do).	Operational section of taxonomy in Section 2.4.	0—No 1—Yes
Information management	Does the content seek to reduce any of the four types of waste proposed by Hicks (2007)? (i.e. flow excess, flow demand, failure demand, and flawed flowed).	Information management section of taxonomy in Section 2.4.	0—No 1—Yes
Human health	Does the content aim to improve safety and well-being of stakeholders in supply chain processes?	Human health section of taxonomy in Section 2.4.	0—No 1—Yes
Environmental	Does the content aim to minimize excessive or unnecessary use of substances or resources released into the water, air, or land that could harm human health or the environment?	Environmental section of taxonomy in Section 2.4.	0—No 1—Yes
Governance	Does the content aim to reduce processes in an exchange among firms and their associated organizations?	Governance section of taxonomy in Section 2.4.	0—No 1—Yes
Technology	Does the content seek to minimize waste in technology? (i.e. hardware, software, or both)	Technology section of taxonomy in Section 2.4.	0—No 1—Yes
Decision-making	Does the content seek to minimize judgement or ‘goal-directed behaviour’ in the presence of options?	Decision-making section of taxonomy in Section 2.4.	0—No 1—Yes

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