Industry 4.0 digital transformation and opportunities for supply chain resilience: a comprehensive review and a strategic roadmap

Figures & data

Figure 1. Industry 4.0 archetype. Source: authors.

Figure 2. The process of conducting the content-centric review of the literature.

Table 1. Industry 4.0 SCR functions as Perceived by the eligible articles.

Author	Function
	Business Continuity Management (BCM)	Information and Communication Quality (ICQ)	Information and Cyber Security (ICS)	Supply Chain Adaptive Capability (SCAC)	Supply Chain Agility (SCAG)	Supply Chain Automation (SCA)	Supply Chain Collaboration (SCC)	Supply Chain Complexity Management (SCCM)	Supply Chain Flexibility (SCF)	Supply Chain Innovation Capability (SCIC)	Supply chain mapping (SCMP)	Supply Chain Process Monitoring (SCPM)	Supply Chain Responsiveness (SCRP)	Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM)	Supply Chain Transparency (SCT)	Supply Chain Visibility (SCV)
Bag, Dhamija, et al. (2021)														x
Bag, Gupta, et al. (2021)					x					x			x
Bahrami and Shokouhyar (2022)		x			x					x
Bechtsis et al. (2022)			x		x
Belhadi, Kamble, Fosso Wamba, et al., (2021)					x		X		x					x
Belhadi, Kamble, Jabbour, et al. (2021)		x				x	X							x
Belhadi, Mani, et al. (2021)				x			X
Dennehy et al. (2021)				x									x
Dubey, Gunasekaran, Bryde, et al., (2020)							X								x
Ivanov, Dolgui, and Sokolov, 2019								x	x					x		x
Ivanov and Dolgui (2021)											x	x		x
Lohmer, Bugert, and Lasch (2020)			x		x		x	x	x	x				x		x
Marcucci et al. (2022)				x
Min (2019)											x			x
Modgil, Gupta, et al. (2021)												x
Modgil, Singh, and Hannibal (2021)	x					x					x	x		x		x
Mubarik, Naghavi, et al. (2021)											x					x
Mukherjee et al. (2022)			x												x
Naz et al. (2022)	x	x							x
Peng et al. (2021)	x											x
Ralston and Blackhurst (2020)	x					x								x
Senna et al. (2023)					x									x
Spieske and Birkel (2021)					x		x							x	x	x
Tortorella et al. (2022)				x									x
Zouari, Ruel, and Viale (2021)			x	x			x									x

Table 2. Contributions of Industry 4.0 technologies and design principles to SCR functions.

Technologies and design principles of Industry 4.0	Function
	Business Continuity Management (BCM)	Information and Communication Quality (ICQ)	Information and Cyber Security (ICS)	Supply Chain Adaptive Capability (SCAC)	Supply Chain Agility (SCAG)	Supply Chain Automation (SCA)	Supply Chain Collaboration (SCC)	Supply Chain Complexity Management (SCCM)	Supply Chain Flexibility (SCF)	Supply Chain Innovation Capability (SCIC)	Supply chain mapping (SCMP)	Supply Chain Process Monitoring (SCPM)	Supply Chain Responsiveness (SCRP)	Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM)	Supply Chain Transparency (SCT)	Supply Chain Visibility (SCV)
Technologies
Additive manufacturing				*		*			*
Artificial intelligence	*		*	*		*			*	*	*	*	*	*
Augmented and virtual reality					*					*				*
Automation and industrial robotics				*	*	*			*
Blockchain		*	*				*				*			*	*	*
Cloud and big data analytics	*	*		*	*	*	*		*	*		*	*	*	*	*
Cyber-physical systems		*			*	*			*			*
Cybersecurity solutions		*	*			*								*
Industrial internet of things	*			*		*		*	*			*			*	*
Internet of people	*	*		*		*	*	*		*	*		*		*
Internet of services		*		*				*	*		*		*		*
Simulation and Modelling (Digital twin)				*	*				*	*
Design principles
Customer and service orientation		*					*						*		*
Decentralisation			*	*	*	*
Horizontal integration	*						*	*							*	*
Interoperability		*				*									*	*
Modularity				*	*				*
Real-time capability		*	*		*	*	*		*	*		*		*	*	*
Technical assistance						*								*
Vertical integration	*	*				*	*	*		*					*	*
Virtualisation		*			*				*	*	*

Figure 3. Steps applied for conducting the ISM.

Table 3. The SSIM for Industry 4.0 SCR functions.

SCR function	SCV	SCT	SCRM	SCRP	SCPM	SCMP	SCIC	SCF	SCCM	SCC	SCA	SCAG	SCAC	ICS	ICQ	BCM
BCM	O	O	A	O	A	O	A	O	O	O	O	O	A	A	O	–
ICQ	V	V	V	O	V	O	V	O	O	O	A	O	O	A	–
ICS	O	O	V	O	O	O	O	O	O	O	X	O	O	–
SCAC	O	O	O	A	O	A	O	O	A	O	O	O	–
SCAG	A	A	O	V	O	O	V	A	A	A	O	–
SCA	V	V	O	O	V	O	O	V	V	O	–
SCC	A	X	V	V	O	A	V	O	O	–
SCCM	A	A	V	O	A	A	O	O	–
SCF	A	O	V	O	A	O	A	–
SCIC	O	O	O	V	O	O	–
SCMP	O	A	V	O	A	–
SCPM	V	O	O	O	–
SCRP	O	O	A	–
SCRM	A	A	–
SCT	A	–
SCV	–

Table 4. The IRM for Industry 4.0 SCR functions.

SCR function	BCM	ICQ	ICS	SCAC	SCAG	SCA	SCC	SCCM	SCF	SCIC	SCMP	SCPM	SCRP	SCRM	SCT	SCV
BCM	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
ICQ	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	1	1
ICS	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
SCAC	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
SCAG	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0
SCA	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	1
SCC	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	0
SCCM	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
SCF	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0
SCIC	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0
SCMP	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0
SCPM	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	1
SCRP	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
SCRM	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0
SCT	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0
SCV	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1

Table 5. The FRM for Industry 4.0 SCR functions.

SCR function	BCM	ICQ	ICS	SCAC	SCAG	SCA	SCC	SCCM	SCF	SCIC	SCMP	SCPM	SCRP	SCRM	SCT	SCV	Driving power	Rank
BCM	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	11
ICQ	1*	1	0	0	1*	0	1*	1*	1*	1	1*	1	1*	1	1	1	13	2
ICS	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1*	1*	1*	0	1*	1*	1	1*	1*	12	3
SCAC	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	10
SCAG	1*	0	0	1*	1	0	0	0	1*	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	6	7
SCA	1*	1	1	1*	1*	1	1*	1	1	1*	1*	1	0	1*	1	1	15	1
SCC	1*	0	0	1*	1	0	1	1*	1*	1	1*	0	1	1	1	0	11	4
SCCM	1*	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	1*	0	0	1*	1	0	0	7	6
SCF	1*	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1*	0	0	1*	1	0	0	6	7
SCIC	1	0	0	1*	1*	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	1*	0	0	7	6
SCMP	1*	0	0	1	1*	0	1	1	0	1*	1	0	1*	1	1*	0	10	5
SCPM	1	0	0	1*	1*	0	1*	1	1	0	1	1	0	1*	1*	1	11	4
SCRP	1*	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	3	9
SCRM	1	0	0	1*	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	4	8
SCT	1*	0	0	1*	1	0	1	1	0	1*	1	0	1*	1	1	0	10	5
SCV	1*	0	0	1*	1	0	1	1	1	1*	1*	0	1*	1	1	1	12	3
Dependence power	16	3	2	12	11	2	7	9	9	11	7	4	12	12	8	5
Rank	1	9	10	2	3	10	6	4	4	3	6	8	2	2	5	7

Figure 4. The structural model of Industry 4.0 contributions to SCR.

Figure 5. MICMAC analysis for assessment of driving and dependence powers of SC resilience functions.

Figure 6. Industry 4.0-driven SCR roadmap.

Table A1. Hierarchy level for Industry 4.0 SCR functions.

Factors	Reachability set	Antecedent set	Intersection set	level
Iteration I
BCM	BCM	BCM, ICQ, ICS, SCAC, SCAG, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCPM, SCRP, SCRM, SCT, SCV	BCM	I
ICQ	BCM, ICQ, SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCPM, SCRP, SCRM, SCT, SCV	ICQ, ICS, SCA	ICQ
ICS	BCM, ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCPM, SCRP, SCRM, SCT, SCV	ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA
SCAC	BCM, SCAC	SCAC, SCAG, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCIC, SCMP, SCPM, SCRP, SCRM, SCT, SCV	SCAC
SCAG	BCM, SCAC, SCAG, SCF, SCIC, SCRP	ICQ, SCAG, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCAG, SCF, SCIC
SCA	BCM, ICQ, ICS, SCAC, SCAG, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCPM, SCRM, SCT, SCV	ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA
SCC	BCM, SCAC, SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCRP, SCRM, SCT	ICQ, SCA, SCC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCC, SCMP, SCT
SCCM	BCM, SCAC, SCAG, SCCM, SCIC, SCRP, SCRM	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCCM
SCF	BCM, SCAG, SCF, SCIC, SCRP, SCRM	ICQ, ICS, SCAG, SCA, SCC, SCF, SCIC, SCPM, SCV	SCAG, SCF, SCIC
SCIC	BCM, SCAC, SCAG, SCF, SCIC, SCRP, SCRM	ICQ, ICS, SCAG, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCT, SCV	SCAG, SCF, SCIC
SCMP	BCM, SCAC, SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCIC, SCMP, SCRP, SCRM, SCT	ICQ, SCA, SCC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCC, SCMP, SCT
SCPM	BCM, SCAC, SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCMP, SCPM, SCRM, SCT, SCV	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCPM	SCPM
SCRP	BCM, SCAC, SCRP	ICQ, ICS, SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCRP, SCRM, SCT, SCV	SCRP
SCRM	BCM, SCAC, SCRP, SCRM	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCPM, SCRM, SCT, SCV	SCRM
SCT	BCM, SCAC, SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCIC, SCMP, SCRP, SCRM, SCT	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCC, SCMP, SCT
SCV	BCM, SCAC, SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCRP, SCRM, SCT, SCV	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCPM, SCV	SCV
Iteration 2
ICQ	ICQ, SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCPM, SCRP, SCRM, SCT, SCV	ICQ, ICS, SCA	ICQ
ICS	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCPM, SCRP, SCRM, SCT, SCV	ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA
SCAC	SCAC	SCAC, SCAG, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCIC, SCMP, SCPM, SCRP, SCRM, SCT, SCV	SCAC	II
SCAG	SCAC, SCAG, SCF, SCIC, SCRP	ICQ, SCAG, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCAG, SCF, SCIC
SCA	ICQ, ICS, SCAC, SCAG, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCPM, SCRM, SCT, SCV	ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA
SCC	SCAC, SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCRP, SCRM, SCT	ICQ, SCA, SCC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCC, SCMP, SCT
SCCM	SCAC, SCAG, SCCM, SCIC, SCRP, SCRM	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCCM
SCF	SCAG, SCF, SCIC, SCRP, SCRM	ICQ, ICS, SCAG, SCA, SCC, SCF, SCIC, SCPM, SCV	SCAG, SCF, SCIC
SCIC	SCAC, SCAG, SCF, SCIC, SCRP, SCRM	ICQ, ICS, SCAG, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCT, SCV	SCAG, SCF, SCIC
SCMP	SCAC, SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCIC, SCMP, SCRP, SCRM, SCT	ICQ, SCA, SCC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCC, SCMP, SCT
SCPM	SCAC, SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCMP, SCPM, SCRM, SCT, SCV	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCPM	SCPM
SCRP	SCAC, SCRP	ICQ, ICS, SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCRP, SCRM, SCT, SCV	SCRP
SCRM	SCAC, SCRP, SCRM	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCPM, SCRM, SCT, SCV	SCRM
SCT	SCAC, SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCIC, SCMP, SCRP, SCRM, SCT	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCC, SCMP, SCT
SCV	SCAC, SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCRP, SCRM, SCT, SCV	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCPM, SCV	SCV
Iteration 3
ICQ	ICQ, SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCPM, SCRP, SCRM, SCT, SCV	ICQ, ICS, SCA	ICQ
ICS	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCPM, SCRP, SCRM, SCT, SCV	ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA
SCAG	SCAG, SCF, SCIC, SCRP	ICQ, SCAG, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCAG, SCF, SCIC
SCA	ICQ, ICS, SCAG, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCPM, SCRM, SCT, SCV	ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA
SCC	SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCRP, SCRM, SCT	ICQ, SCA, SCC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCC, SCMP, SCT
SCCM	SCAG, SCCM, SCIC, SCRP, SCRM	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCCM
SCF	SCAG, SCF, SCIC, SCRP, SCRM	ICQ, ICS, SCAG, SCA, SCC, SCF, SCIC, SCPM, SCV	SCAG, SCF, SCIC
SCIC	SCAG, SCF, SCIC, SCRP, SCRM	ICQ, ICS, SCAG, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCT, SCV	SCAG, SCF, SCIC
SCMP	SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCIC, SCMP, SCRP, SCRM, SCT	ICQ, SCA, SCC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCC, SCMP, SCT
SCPM	SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCMP, SCPM, SCRM, SCT, SCV	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCPM	SCPM
SCRP	SCRP	ICQ, ICS, SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCRP, SCRM, SCT, SCV	SCRP	III
SCRM	SCRP, SCRM	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCPM, SCRM, SCT, SCV	SCRM
SCT	SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCIC, SCMP, SCRP, SCRM, SCT	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCC, SCMP, SCT
SCV	SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCRP, SCRM, SCT, SCV	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCPM, SCV	SCV
Iteration 4
ICQ	ICQ, SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCPM, SCRM, SCT, SCV	ICQ, ICS, SCA	ICQ
ICS	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCPM, SCRM, SCT, SCV	ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA
SCAG	SCAG, SCF, SCIC	ICQ, SCAG, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCAG, SCF, SCIC	IV
SCA	ICQ, ICS, SCAG, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCPM, SCRM, SCT, SCV	ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA
SCC	SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCRM, SCT	ICQ, SCA, SCC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCC, SCMP, SCT
SCCM	SCAG, SCCM, SCIC, SCRM	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCCM
SCF	SCAG, SCF, SCIC, SCRM	ICQ, ICS, SCAG, SCA, SCC, SCF, SCIC, SCPM, SCV	SCAG, SCF, SCIC
SCIC	SCAG, SCF, SCIC, SCRM	ICQ, ICS, SCAG, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCT, SCV	SCAG, SCF, SCIC
SCMP	SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCIC, SCMP, SCRM, SCT	ICQ, SCA, SCC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCC, SCMP, SCT
SCPM	SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCMP, SCPM, SCRM, SCT, SCV	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCPM	SCPM
SCRM	SCRM	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCPM, SCRM, SCT, SCV	SCRM	IV
SCT	SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCIC, SCMP, SCRM, SCT	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCC, SCMP, SCT
SCV	SCAG, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCRM, SCT, SCV	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCPM, SCV	SCV
Iteration 5
ICQ	ICQ, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	ICQ, ICS, SCA	ICQ
ICS	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCPM, SCT, SCV	ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA
SCA	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA
SCC	SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCT	ICQ, SCA, SCC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCC, SCMP, SCT
SCCM	SCCM, SCIC	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCCM
SCF	SCF, SCIC	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCC, SCF, SCIC, SCPM, SCV	SCF, SCIC	V
SCIC	SCF, SCIC	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCT, SCV	SCF, SCIC	V
SCMP	SCC, SCCM, SCIC, SCMP, SCT	ICQ, SCA, SCC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCC, SCMP, SCT
SCPM	SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCPM	SCPM
SCT	SCC, SCCM, SCIC, SCMP, SCT	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCC, SCMP, SCT
SCV	SCC, SCCM, SCF, SCIC, SCMP, SCT, SCV	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCPM, SCV	SCV
Iteration 6
ICQ	ICQ, SCC, SCCM, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	ICQ, ICS, SCA	ICQ
ICS	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCCM, SCPM, SCT, SCV	ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA
SCA	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA
SCC	SCC, SCCM, SCMP, SCT	ICQ, SCA, SCC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCC, SCMP, SCT
SCCM	SCCM	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCC, SCCM, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCCM	VI
SCMP	SCC, SCCM, SCMP, SCT	ICQ, SCA, SCC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCC, SCMP, SCT
SCPM	SCC, SCCM, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCPM	SCPM
SCT	SCC, SCCM, SCMP, SCT	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCC, SCMP, SCT
SCV	SCC, SCCM, SCMP, SCT, SCV	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCPM, SCV	SCV
Iteration 7
ICQ	ICQ, SCC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	ICQ, ICS, SCA	ICQ
ICS	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCPM, SCT, SCV	ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA
SCA	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA
SCC	SCC, SCMP, SCT	ICQ, SCA, SCC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCC, SCMP, SCT	VII
SCMP	SCC, SCMP, SCT	ICQ, SCA, SCC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCC, SCMP, SCT	VII
SCPM	SCC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCPM	SCPM
SCT	SCC, SCMP, SCT	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCC, SCMP, SCPM, SCT, SCV	SCC, SCMP, SCT	VII
SCV	SCC, SCMP, SCT, SCV	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCPM, SCV	SCV
Iteration 8
ICQ	ICQ, SCPM, SCV	ICQ, ICS, SCA	ICQ
ICS	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCPM, SCV	ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA
SCA	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCPM, SCV	ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA
SCPM	SCPM, SCV	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCPM	SCPM
SCV	SCV	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCPM, SCV	SCV	VIII
Iteration 9
ICQ	ICQ, SCPM	ICQ, ICS, SCA	ICQ
ICS	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCPM	ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA
SCA	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCPM	ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA
SCPM	SCPM	ICQ, ICS, SCA, SCPM	SCPM	IX
Iteration 10
ICQ	ICQ	ICQ, ICS, SCA	ICQ	X
ICS	ICQ, ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA
SCA	ICQ, ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA
Iteration 11
ICS	ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA	XI
SCA	ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA	ICS, SCA	XI

Table A2. The ILB and the interpretation of contextual relationships among Industry 4.0 SCR functions.

Causal relationship	Enabling role
Supply Chain Automation (SCA)
SCA → ICQ	Data acquisition standardisation and accuracy; Improved data integration; seamless connectivity.
SCA → ICS	Improved response time to cyber threats; Supporting security orchestration, automation, and response (SOAR) systems; Simplifying the implementation of cyber protection solutions.
SCA → SCCM	Automation of SC routine operations; Automation of complex administrative tasks (e.g. employee lifecycle management or customer engagement management); logistics (transportation, delivery, and distribution) automation; SC resource orchestration.
SCA → SCF	Reconfigurable SC system components; Autonomous business planning processes; Automation of repetitive tasks and reduction of human interventions; Streamlined product development.
SCA → SCPM	Sensor-enabled measurement of influential components; Autonomous benchmarking of SC performance indices; Continuous, real-time, and consistent data feeds.
SCA → SCT	Centralized and ubiquitous information access; Streamlining the intelligent workflows; End-to-end product traceability.
SCA → SCV	Real-time access to meaningful data/information; Autonomous on-site inspections; Integrability of SC elements; Decentralised and autonomous decision-making.
Information and Cyber Security (ICS)
ICS → BCM	Safeguarding mission-critical digital services; Uninterrupted data access; Protection against data loss; IT-OT safety and recoverability.
ICS → ICQ	Secure cloud communications; Data reliability and protection across mobile, big, corporate, and cloud data environments; Security and operability of information infrastructure.
ICS → SCA	Protection against deliberate automation control networks intrusions; Built-in high security of autonomous systems; Functional safety of cyber-physical systems.
ICS → SCRM	Cyber threats mitigation across the lifecycle of IT-OT systems; Higher security of employee practices across the SC; Mitigating information and cyber security risks and vulnerabilities across tiers of supplier systems.
Information and Communication Quality (ICQ)
ICQ → SCIC	Improved communication for the idea and information sharing; More comprehensive and detailed overview of SC innovation processes; Data-driven early trend recognition; More agile innovation processes.
ICQ → SCPM	Compatibility and coherence of data; Data accessibility for influential components and factors; Reliability and comparability of performance indicators.
ICQ → SCRM	Effective management of SC data points; Increased operational efficiencies via data alignment; Data-driven response orchestration; Data alignment with regulatory requirements; Facilitating the end-to-end assessments of risk processes.
ICQ → SCT	Communication of factually backed SC information; Data safety and ethical compliance; Improved stakeholder communication.
ICQ → SCV	Accuracy, reliability, and timeliness (real-time or near real-timeliness) of data shared across SC partners; Better identification of SC pain points; Elimination of information and functional silos; Higher information trustworthiness.
Supply Chain Process Monitoring (SCPM)
SCPM → BCM	Better synchronisation of SC processes, applications, and technological infrastructure; Facilitating continuous operations under disruption scenarios.
SCPM → SCCM	Optimizing procurement and shipment schedules; Better compliance with everchanging regulations and legal restrictions; Minimized data disinformation or manipulation.
SCPM → SCF	Efficient diversification of supplier base; Higher control on third-party logistics companies’ activities; Information access for business planning model development; Condition monitoring of SC automation tools.
SCPM → SCMP	Real-time tracking of SC changes; Value chain-wide accessibility of SC element (e.g. processes, shipment, equipment, raw material) information; Remote information verification for every SC tier.
SCPM → SCV	Real-time product location tracking; Logistics and transportation performance monitoring; Constant condition monitoring across SC; Automating reporting processes; Reduced chance of human errors.
Supply Chain Visibility (SCV)
SCV → SCAG	Improved inventory accuracy; reconfigurability of supplier base and distribution networks; Faster action plan development
SCV → SCC	Data synchronisation across SC nodes; Data harmonisation; real-time information sharing capability; Process interconnectedness; People (e.g. customer, managers) interconnectedness.
SCV → SCCM	Unnecessary complexity avoidance; Identifying processes that require simplification; Higher integrity across SC relationships.
SCV → SCF	Increased ease (mobility) of supply chain reconfiguration; Timely understanding of occurring/forthcoming disruptions; SC-wide information systems alignment; Streamlining the re-alignment or reinvention of the SC.
SCV → SCRM	Clearer shared understanding of SC risks; Streamlining SC integration; Better tracking of shifts in customer/market demands; Determining and handling bad data
SCV → SCT	Accurate data identification and collection across the SC nodes and links; Facilitating the internal/external communication of relevant information.
Supply Chain Collaboration (SCC)
SCC → SCAG	Higher operational alignment; SC-openness to change; Higher market sensitivity; Strategic orientation; Improved demand management.
SCC → SCIC	SC governance system openness to accommodating innovation; Streamlining the innovation/R&D investments; Joint innovation training strategies.
SCC → SCRP	Collective situational awareness; SC-wide communication of changes to production/delivery schedules; Coordination for technological alignment and heterogeneity; Collaborative planning and forecasting.
SCC → SCRM	Collective understanding of risk/failure implications and impacts; Constant tracking of changes in SC risk factors; Dynamic SC risk recognition, ranking, and prioritisation; Collective risk mitigation planning.
SCC → SCT	Active collaboration on common SC issues; Collective materiality assessment and SC priority identification; Collective establishment of disclosure levels.
Supply chain mapping (SCMP)
SCMP → SCC	Identifying areas where SC partners have a solid footing for collaboration; Optimised SC partner selection (in terms of, e.g. strategic alignment or shared value); Stronger collaboration via effective benefit-sharing models.
SCMP → SCCM	Visual control of SC element interactions; Better understanding of SC processes and their impacts; Identification of SC complexity sources; Functional SC complexity control.
SCMP → SCAC	Better SC localisation and diversification strategy development; Rationalisation of the supplier base; Detailed assessment of SC product and process compliance with new trends.
SCMP → SCRM	Better identification of disruption risks; Improved SC vulnerability assessment; SC-wide compliance and risk exposure assessment; Streamlined supplier segmentation.
Supply Chain Transparency (SCT)
SCT → SCAG	Ease of information access and sharing; Improved flow of information across partners and customers; Higher dependability of logistics systems.
SCT → SCC	Promoting trust across SC; Identifying resources needed for effective collaboration; More detailed design of collaboration program and underlying responsibilities.
SCT → SCCM	Detailed understanding of SC value propositions for complexity avoidance; Better understanding of SC partners and customers; Transparency of internal and external collaboration.
SCT → SCMP	A deeper understanding of end-to-end SC; Visual representation of variability points across supply networks; Identification of information gaps throughout supply, manufacturing, and distribution nodes.
SCT → SCRM	Improved accuracy of SC data used for risk assessment; Satisfying SC quality and capacity requirements; Better recognition of risk sources and risk drivers; Streamlined implementation of risk mitigation strategies.
Supply Chain Complexity Management (SCCM)
SCCM → SCAC	Freeing up working capital; Reducing obsolescence throughout the SC; Cost efficiency; Higher responsiveness to internal and external disruptive forces.
SCCM → SCAG	Faster implementation of action plans and SC process changes; Improved efficiency of reactive decision-making; Awareness of imminent/happening disruptions, competitions, or opportunities.
SCCM → SCRM	Better integration of risk compliance into SCM functions; Detailed understanding of impact speed, disruption scope, and financial implications of various risk/failure factors; Better understanding of SC partners’ risk potential (product, operational, process, and operating region risks).
Supply Chain Flexibility (SCF)
SCF → SCAG	Ability to efficiently change the production mix; Procurement capability to supply required resources for changing production schedules; Reduced complexity of SC operations.
SCF → SCRM	Lower supply cost risks via the ability to shift order quantities across multiple active suppliers; Lower process risk due to the flexibility of manufacturing processes and capacity; Lower demand risks by enabling postponement strategy.
Supply Chain Innovation Capability (SCIC)
SCIC → SCF	Ability to leverage disruptive technologies in support of SC processes; Better organisation of manufacturing operations; Introducing new (resource-efficient and eco-friendly) product design.
SCIC → BCM	New ways of threat discovery and analysis; Development and implementation of novel business impact analysis tools; Better designing, testing, and upgrading of the business continuity plan.
SCIC → SCRP	Streamlined shareholder interactions for satisfying complex/dynamic environmental (especially customers’) expectations; Lower time to market of new products; Countering environmental changes via novel business and monetisation models.
Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM)
SCRM → BCM	Better identification and management of continuity risks; Prioritisation of SC flow risks (e.g. reputation, price, quality, or delivery risks); Development of effective risk prevention and risk mitigation strategies.
SCRM → SCRP	SC partner performance assessment for reducing supply and delivery risks; Better fulfilment of customer demands/requirements; Improved reliability of SC operations; Maintaining SC functions via early risk detection.
Supply Chain Agility (SCAG)
SCAG → SCIC	Reduced SC costs and resource availability for innovation; Streamlined SC innovation processes (e.g. dynamic R&D team building); Better articulation of SC innovation strategy; Better alignment of innovation strategy with SC overall strategy.
SCAG → SCRP	Swiftness in the efficient implementation of SC changes; Adjustability of operational tactics; Expandability in products, regions, or business models; Decisiveness in responding to new opportunities, changes, or threats.
Supply Chain Responsiveness (SCRP)
SCRP → SCAC	Data-driven proactive demand responsiveness; SC infrastructure and management alignment for effective value creation and delivery; Strategic intuition for SC disruption management; Improved responsiveness of logistics operations and processes.
Supply Chain Adaptive Capability (SCAC)
SCAC → BCM	Deployment strategy to adapt to ongoing or unforeseen changes (e., customer demand, regulations, labour rates, or raw material rates); SC modularity for proactive disruption response strategy.

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