Key knowledge domains for maritime shipping executives in the digital era: a knowledge-based view approach

Figures & data

Figure 1. Knowledge domains.

Table 1. Compiled knowledge domains.

	Digitalisation					Maritime Business				Sustainability Management
	Autonomous Technology	Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big Data	Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed realities	Digital Security	IoT and Cloud Computing	Commercial	Legal	Technical	Financial	Resource Management	Labour Safety	Sustainable Business Practices	Community and Employee Management	Sustainability-related Laws and Regulations
(Cicek, Akyuz, and Celik 2019)		x					x	x		x	x	x	x
(Li et al. 2021)		x		x	x	x		x				x	x	x
(Thymara 2020)				x			x	x			x	x		x
(Oksavik et al. 2020)	x	x	x		x		x	x	x	x		x
(Pan et al. 2019)		x				x						x	x	x
(Li, Duan, and Liu 2019)	x	x	x	x			x	x
(Thai and Yeo 2012)		x				x	x		x		x	x	x
(Orfanou, Vlahogianni, and Yannis 2020)		x	x		x		x	x			x	x
(Thai, Yeo, and Pak 2016)		x				x	x		x		x		x
(Gammelgaard et al. 2013)	x				x	x		x		x				x
	Personnel Development					SCM
	Social	Personal	Organisational	Cooperative	Creative Thinking	Supply Chain Resilience	Customer Service	Supply Chain Strategy	Partner and Supplier Management
(Li et al. 2021)	x		x				x	x	x
(Thymara 2020)		x		x	x	x	x		x
(Oksavik et al. 2020)		x	x						x
(Pan et al. 2019)	x	x	x		x	x		x
(Thepmongkorn and Pitchayadejanant 2020)	x		x		x	x	x	x	x
(Thai and Yeo 2012)	x	x	x		x		x	x	x
(Thai, Yeo, and Pak 2016)			x	x	x	x	x		x
(Ding, Kuo, and Tai 2019)	x	x		x		x		x
(Gammelgaard et al. 2013)				x			x		x
(SoftSkills4EU 2019)	x	x	x	x	x		x	x

Figure 2. The analytical process.

Figure 3. Triangular fuzzy number.

Table 2. Fuzzy conversion scale.

Linguistic term	Scale	Triangular fuzzy scale
Equally important	1	(1,1,1)
Moderately important	3	(1,3,5)
Strongly important	5	(3,5,7)
Very strongly important	7	(5,7,9)
Extremely strongly important	9	(7,9,9)
Moderately unimportant	1/3	(1/5,1/3,1)
Strongly unimportant	1/5	(1/7,1/5,1/3)
Very strongly unimportant	1/7	(1/9,1/7,1/5)
Extremely strongly unimportant	1/9	(1/9,1/9,1/7)

Source: Nurani et al. (2017)

Table 3. Random index.

Size	1	2	3	4	5
RI	0	0	0.52	0.89	1.11

Source: Saaty (1990)

Table 4. Profile of respondents.

Characteristics	Items	Number	Percentage
Sector	Liner shipping	24	30%
	Dry or liquid bulk shipping	56	70%
Firm's age (years)	0–10	8	10%
	11–20	54	67%
	Over 21	18	23%
Number of employees	Below 100	14	18%
	101–200	49	61%
	Over 201	17	21%
Seniority (years)	6–10	40	50%
	11–15	18	23%
	Over 16	22	27%
Job position	Director and above	37	46%
	Manager	43	54%

Table 5. FAHP results.

Main criteria	Local weights	CR	Sub-criteria	Local weights	Global weights	Global ranking
Digitalisation knowledge	0.3626	0.0352	Autonomous technology	0.2082	0.0755	4
			AI and big data	0.3519	0.1276	1
			Virtual, augmented, and mixed realities	0.0902	0.0327	12
			Digital security	0.1373	0.0498	8
			IoT and cloud computing	0.2125	0.0770	3
Maritime business knowledge	0.2429	0.0537	Commercial knowledge	0.4799	0.1166	2
			Legal knowledge	0.1881	0.0457	9
			Technical knowledge	0.2676	0.0650	6
			Financial knowledge	0.0644	0.0156	19
Sustainability management knowledge	0.1525	0.0598	Resource management	0.2099	0.0320	13
			Labour safety systems	0.2097	0.0319	14
			Sustainable business practices	0.4024	0.0614	7
			Community and employee management	0.0751	0.0115	22
			Sustainability-related laws and regulations	0.1029	0.0157	18
Personnel development knowledge	0.1638	0.0648	Social skills	0.4063	0.0666	5
			Personal skills	0.0847	0.0139	20
			Organisational skills	0.1095	0.0179	17
			Cooperative skills	0.2639	0.0432	10
			Creative thinking skills	0.1355	0.0222	16
SCM knowledge	0.0782	0.0201	Supply chain resilience	0.4677	0.0366	11
			Customer service	0.2892	0.0226	15
			Supply chain strategy	0.1660	0.0130	21
			Partner and supplier management	0.0771	0.0060	23

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