Relative effectiveness of open innovation strategies in single and complex SME innovators

Figures & data

Table 2. Average marginal effects from logit models.

Independent variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
	Only process versus only product innovation	Both innovations versus only process innovation	Both innovations versus only product innovations
Coop.breadth	−0.027	0.048**	0.039**
	(0.026)	(0.021)	(0.016)
Search breadth	0.016	−0.007	0.009
	(0.014)	(0.015)	(0.014)
Search depth	−0.068***	0.053**	−0.004
	(0.026)	(0.024)	(0.022)
Control variables
Exports	−0.159*	0.172**	0.007
	(0.092)	(0.082)	(0.077)
Firm size	0.001***	−0.001*	0.000
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Productivity	0.051	0.016	−0.021
	(0.146)	(0.148)	(0.152)
R&D intensity	−1.918*	2.368**	0.054
	(0.987)	(1.090)	(0.474)
Machinery	0.095**	0.107***	0.228***
	(0.037)	(0.040)	(0.037)
Training	0.038	0.089***	0.172***
	(0.038)	(0.034)	(0.036)
Market introduction	−0.156***	0.117***	−0.056
	(0.045)	(0.043)	(0.039)
Design	−0.211***	0.187***	0.005
	(0.046)	(0.043)	(0.039)
No of obs.	502	522	728

Notes: Standard errors in parentheses; ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.10.

Table 1. Descriptive statistics.

Variables	Complex innovators (N = 374)	Only product innovators (N = 354)	Only process innovators (N = 148)
	Mean (st.deviation)	Mean (st.deviation)	Mean (st.deviation)
Coop.breadth	0.906	0.545	0.250
	(1.356)	(0.995)	(0.708)
Search breadth	2.586	2.285	1.966
	(1.441)	(1.444)	(1.540)
Search depth	1.029	0.918	0.581
	(0.989)	(0.914)	(0.841)
Exports	0.271	0.246	0.152
	(0.263)	(0.268)	(0.211)
Firm size	68.009	55.460	61.959
	(61.861)	(57.366)	(56.075)
Productivity	0.159	0.162	0.159
	(0.116)	(0.129)	(0.131)
R&D intensity	0.032	0.027	0.006
	(0.044)	(0.045)	(0.020)
Machinery	0.842	0.585	0.709
	(0.365)	(0.493)	(0.456)
Training	0.706	0.455	0.480
	(0.456)	(0.499)	(0.501)
Market introduction	0.505	0.497	0.155
	(0.501)	(0.501)	(0.364)
Design	0.433	0.438	0.128
	(0.496)	(0.497)	(0.336)
Manufacture of food products and tobacco (base category)	0.057	0.090	0.128
	(0.231)	(0.090)	(0.336)
Textiles, clothing and leather products	0.061	0.113	0.068
	(0.241)	(0.317)	(0.252)
Wood, paper and printing	0.059	0.062	0.095
	(0.236)	(0.242)	(0.294)
Refining petroleum, coke manufacture, chemical industry	0.120	0.088	0.034
	(0.326)	(0.283)	(0.181)
Manufacture of rubber and plastic products	0.080	0.031	0.095
	(0.272)	(0.174)	(0.294)
Class, ceramics, other non-metallic mineral products	0.045	0.045	0.047
	(0.209)	(0.208)	(0.213)
Manufacture of basic metals and fabricated metal products; steel, metal structures	0.131	0.102	0.189
	(0.338)	(0.303)	(0.393)
Manufacturing of office machinery and computers, electrical machinery and apparatus; radio, television and communication equipment	0.171	0.189	0.088
	(0.377)	(0.392)	(0.284)
Manufacturing of machinery, weapons and ammunition, domestic appliances	0.118	0.116	0.054
	(0.323)	(0.320)	(0.227)
Automotive industry	0.051	0.051	0.034
	(0.220)	(0.220)	(0.181)
Manufacturing of furniture, jewellery, musical instruments, sports equipment	0.107	0.113	0.168
	(0.309)	(0.317)	(0.376)

Figure 1. Predicted relationship between innovation and search depth in pure process innovators relative to pure product innovators.

Table 3. Logit estimates of models from Table 2 with added squared terms of variables of interest.

Independent variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
	Only process versus only product innovation	Both innovations versus only process innovation	Both innovations versus only product innovations
Coop.breadth	−0.213	0.196	0.012
	(0.488)	(0.432)	(0.179)
Coop.breadth^2	0.001	0.078	0.053
	(0.152)	(0.138)	(0.044)
Search breadth	−0.066	0.626***	0.247
	(0.208)	(0.221)	(0.174)
Search breadth^2	0.030	−0.128***	−0.034
	(0.031)	(0.034)	(0.026)
Search depth	−0.990***	0.495*	−0.211
	(0.282)	(0.293)	(0.218)
Search depth^2	0.235***	−0.047	0.057
	(0.079)	(0.084)	(0.069)
Control variables
Exports	−1.074*	1.281**	0.040
	(0.613)	(0.598)	(0.362)
Firm size	0.007***	−0.004*	0.001
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Productivity	0.270	0.084	−0.100
	(0.984)	(1.082)	(0.724)
R&D intensity	−13.504**	16.537**	0.314
	(6.693)	(7.748)	(2.239)
Machinery	0.670***	0.790***	1.064***
	(0.252)	(0.301)	(0.190)
Training	0.201	0.598**	0.796***
	(0.253)	(0.256)	(0.177)
Market introduction	−0.985***	0.839***	−0.248
	(0.310)	(0.316)	(0.185)
Design	−1.410***	1.326***	0.013
	(0.338)	(0.331)	(0.184)
Constant	0.090	−2.471***	−1.954***
	(0.493)	(0.618)	(0.436)
Sectoral DVs	Included	Included	Included
χ^2	95.33***	107.51***	104.64***
Pseudo R^2	0.248	0.291	0.116
Nagelkerke R^2	0.369	0.422	0.199
Overall percentage of correct predictions	79.28%	78.16%	65.52%
Percentage of y = 1 observations that are correctly predicted	54.73%	88.77%	71.66%
Percentage of y = 0 observations that are correctly predicted	89.55%	51.35%	59.04%
No of obs.	502	522	728

Notes: Robust standard errors in parentheses; ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.

Figure 2. Predicted relationship between innovation and search breadth in complex innovators relative to single process innovators.