Exclusion, Surplus Population, and the Labour Question in Postcolonial Capitalism: Future Directions in Political Economy of Development

Figures & data

Table 1. Proportion of agricultural households across different land size categories for 2002–03 and 2012–13.

Land size	Proportion of agricultural households across different land size categories in 2002–03	Proportion of agricultural households across different land size categories in 2012–13
< 0.01 (landless)	2.56	3.00
0.01–1 (marginal)	59.69	67.06
1.00–2.00 (small)	19.32	16.93
2.00–4.00 (semi-medium)	11.81	9.01
4.00–10.00 (medium)	5.46	3.54
>10.00 (large)	1.16	0.45

Source: Based on NSSO (2014b) report of Situation Assessment Survey (SAS) 2012–13.

Table 2. Median monthly net income from cultivation and household consumption expenditures for 2012–13 (in INR).

Land size	Median monthly net income from cultivation (2012–13)	Median monthly household consumption expenditure (2012–13)	Median monthly net income from cultivation left after accounting household consumption expenditure (2012–13)
< 0.01	313	3555	−2713
0.01–1	879	3917	−2614
1.00–2.00	2892	4492	−1300
2.00–4.00	5261	5075	396
4.00–10.00	10502	6250	3975
>10.00	26683	8688	19070

Source: Authors’ calculations based on SAS 2012–13.

Table 3. Ratios of imputed value of home-produced stock to gross income from all sources, household consumption expenditure, and total value of household consumption for 2012–13.

Land size	Imputed value of home-produced stock / Gross income from all sources	Imputed value of home-produced stock / Gross income from all sources plus imputed values of home-produced stock	Imputed value of home-produced stock / Household consumption expenditure	Imputed value of home-produced stock / Total value of household consumption (out- of-pocket expenditures plus imputed values)
< 0.01	0.24	0.13	0.23	0.17
0.01–1	0.35	0.18	0.31	0.22
1.00–2.00	0.23	0.15	0.38	0.25
2.00–4.00	0.17	0.11	0.37	0.25
4.00–10.00	0.10	0.08	0.36	0.25
>10.00	0.06	0.05	0.32	0.23

Source: Authors’ calculations based on SAS 2012–13.

Table 4. Proportion of households across land size categories that engage in wage labour and non-farm business and those that have their principal sources of income from wage labour and non-farm business for 2012–13.

Land size	Engage in Wage labour	Wages as principal source of income	Engage in non- farm business	Non-farm business as principal source of income
< 0.01	75.67	56.64	18.64	11.77
0.01–1	54.63	26.83	15.53	5.33
1.00–2.00	39.11	8.65	13.22	3.19
2.00–4.00	33.16	7.15	11.51	1.64
4.00–10.00	24.27	6.06	10.98	0.91
>10.00	28.91	6.92	10.28	1.77

Source: Authors’ calculations based on SAS 2012–13.

Table 5. Median monthly net income from all sources (cultivation, animal husbandry, non-farm business and wages), median monthly household consumption expenditure, and median monthly funds left with households after accounting for consumption expenditures for 2012–13.

Land size	Median monthly net income from all sources	Median monthly household consumption expenditure	Median monthly funds left with households after accounting for consumption expenditures
< 0.01	3613	3555	370
0.01–1	3445	3917	−228
1.00–2.00	5539	4492	1185
2.00–4.00	8236	5075	3280
4.00–10.00	13960	6250	7735
>10.00	26458	8688	20085

Source: Authors’ calculations based on SAS 2012–13.

Table 6. Proportion of OAEs and establishments in the informal sector in India in 2010–11 and 2015–16.

Sector (proportion in the overall distribution in 2010–11)	OAEs (2010–11)	Establishments (2010–11)	OAEs (2015–16)	Establishments (2015–16)
Manufacturing (30)	84	16	86	14
Trade (36)	86	14	85	15
Other services (34)	84	16	83	17
All (100)	85	15	84	16

Source: Based on the 67th round (2010–11) and 73rd round (2015–16) of surveys conducted by National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO 2012, 2017).

Table 7. Median monthly net surplus of OAEs and establishments (2012–13 prices).

	Rural			Urban			Overall
Year	OAE	Establishment	Ratio	OAE	Establishment	Ratio	OAE	Establishment	Ratio
2000–01	557	2167	3.9	867	4800	5.5	611	3684	6.0
2005–06	385	2726	7.1	841	5109	6.1	462	4013	8.7
2011–12	836	4685	5.6	1286	8400	6.5	958	6891	7.2

Source: Authors’ calculation based on 56th (2000–01), 62nd (2005–06), and 67th (2011–12) rounds of NSSO surveys, Table 1 (p. 395) in Bhattacharya and Kesar (2020) and Table 2 (p. 569) in Kesar and Bhattacharya (2020).

Table 8. Proportions of sectoral transitions (in percentage) in urban area between 2005 and 2011–12.

Urban	Proportion (2005)	Proportion (2011–12)	Transition from	Transition to
Informal wage labour	24.53	24	42.63	40.86
Employers	7.69	7	68.65	65.94
Self-employed PCP	15.74	15	60.21	59.33
Regular salaried	41.97	41	33.2	31.5
Others	6.72	10	51.26	68.47
Agriculture	3.35	2	66.06	52.78
Total	100	100	–	–

Source: Authors’ calculations based on IHDS-I (2005) and IHDS-II (2011–12).

Table 9. Proportions of sectoral transitions (in percentage) in rural area between 2005 and 2011–12.

Rural	Proportion (2005)	Proportion (2011–12)	Transitions from	Transition towards
Agriculture	30.16	25.58	49	39.88
Informal wage labour	41.22	40.28	36.67	35.19
Employers	2.23	2.02	81	78.87
Self-employed PCP	8.01	6.99	73.12	69.2
Regular salaried	12.91	12.6	59	58.21
Others	5.48	12.53	53.16	79.54
Total	100	100	–	–

Source: Authors’ calculations based on IHDS-I (2005) and IHDS-II (2011–12).

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NSSO (National Sample Survey Organisation). 2017. Key Indicators of Unincorporated Non-agricultural Enterprises (Excluding Construction) in India 73rd Round. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. New Delhi: Government of India.

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