Immunomodulatory potentials of the water-soluble yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb) polysaccharides for the normal and cyclophosphamide-suppressed mice

Figures & data

Table 1. Effects of WYPs administration on two immune organs and three immune cells of the mice.

Groups	WYPs doses	Spleen index	Thymus index	Lymphocyte proliferation	Macrophage phagocytosis	NK cell activity
				(A450)	(A540)	(%)
Normal mice	No	5.11 ± 0.13^bc	2.07 ± 0.11^bc	0.553 ± 0.019^c	0. 116 ± 0.014^b	60.7 ± 1.7^bc
	Low	5.42 ± 0.32^bcd	2.41 ± 0.23^cd	0.570 ± 0.032^c	0.134 ± 0.013^bc	62.4 ± 5.7^c
	Medium	5.87 ± 0.91^cd	2.51 ± 0.17^de	0.676 ± 0.038^d	0.154 ± 0.013^cd	67.4 ± 3.7^cd
	High	6.22 ± 0.48^d	2.93 ± 0.14^e	0.809 ± 0.018^e	0.177 ± 0.008^d	71.8 ± 4.1^d
CY-treated mice	No	3.32 ± 0.25^a	0.96 ± 0.15^a	0.358 ± 0.030^a	0.085 ± 0.011^a	52.5 ± 3.6^a
	Low	4.56 ± 0.40^b	1.82 ± 0.10^b	0.481 ± 0.010^b	0.155 ± 0.011^cd	54.6 ± 2.8^ab
	High	6.15 ± 0.38^d	2.61 ± 0.43^de	0.643 ± 0.010^d	0.168 ± 0.007^d	65.1 ± 2.5^cd

Note: Different lowercase letters after the mean values as the superscripts in same column indicate that one-way ANOVA of the mean values is significantly different (P < .05).

Table 2. Effects of WYPs administration on the levels of cytokines and enzymes secreted from the lymphocytes and macrophages of the mice.

Groups	WYPs doses	Lymphocytes			Macrophages
		IL-2 (pg mL^−1)	IFN-γ (pg mL^−1)	IL-1β (pg mL^−1)	IL-6 (pg mL^−1)	TNF-α (pg mL^−1)	iNOS (pg mL^−1)	LZM (ng mL^−1)
Normal mice	No	38.7 ± 1.2^b	85.2 ± 3.1^b	50.7 ± 1.3^b	59.9 ± 1.3^c	124.9 ± 8.7^b	73.8 ± 5.5^b	22.5 ± 1.3^b
	Low	44.5 ± 1.6^c	106.7 ± 3.1^c	64.5 ± 5.0^c	77.2 ± 1.7^d	138.3 ± 9.7^bc	88.9 ± 10.7^b	24.1 ± 1.2^b
	Medium	49.4 ± 1.5^d	112.2 ± 9.9^cd	78.8 ± 2.6^d	80.2 ± 2.3^d	148.6 ± 5.2^c	168.9 ± 6.7^c	29.7 ± 2.0^c
	High	55.1 ± 2.1^e	123.9 ± 9.8^d	96.2 ± 5.9^e	100.6 ± 4.6^f	174.4 ± 6.4^d	235.6 ± 8.0^e	35.8 ± 1.3^d
CY-treated mice	No	33.9 ± 2.4^a	58.1 ± 3.1^a	38.0 ± 1.2^a	35.1 ± 1.0^a	102.4 ± 3.9^a	51.1 ± 6.7^a	18.2 ± 0.9^a
	Low	42.8 ± 1.1^c	92.5 ± 4.2^b	58.2 ± 5.0^bc	54.5 ± 1.8^b	125.0 ± 5.0^b	84.6 ± 10.0^b	23.9 ± 1.2^b
	High	48.9 ± 1.8^d	121.5 ± 6.8^d	100.8 ± 10.7^e	91.7 ± 1.4^e	167.5 ± 9.4^d	197.9 ± 10.2^d	27.9 ± 1.3^c

Note: Different lowercase letters after the mean values as the superscripts in same column indicate that one-way ANOVA of the mean values is significantly different (P < .05).

Table 3. Effects of WYPs administration on serum levels of cytokines, lysozyme (LZM) and immunoglobulins.

Groups	WYPs doses	IL-2 (pg mL^−1)	IL-1β (pg mL^−1)	IL-6 (pg mL^−1)	LZM (ng mL^−1)	IgM (μg mL^−1)	IgA (μg mL^−1)	IgG (mg mL^−1)
Normal mice	No	104.2 ± 3.9^b	86.8 ± 1.2^b	87.7 ± 1.7^b	22.4 ± 1.7^b	813.3 ± 9.0^b	745.2 ± 7.0^b	12.3 ± 0.7^b
	Low	108.8 ± 2.8b^c	107.9 ± 1.1^c	96.0 ± 1.7^c	27.8 ± 1.0^cd	856.7 ± 12.8^c	868.7 ± 6.8^d	15.6 ± 0.3d
	Medium	112.5 ± 3.2^cd	122.7 ± 8.2^d	105.0 ± 1.7^d	30.3 ± 1.2^d	1002.3 ± 9.7^e	916.5 ± 13.8^e	16.4 ± 0.4^de
	High	123.1 ± 4.1^e	145.0 ± 3.3^e	121.9 ± 2.4^f	37.3 ± 1.7^e	1171.8 ± 9.3^f	1113.0 ± 5.2^g	18.6 ± 0.5^f
CY-treated mice	No	94.8 ± 2.7^a	67.2 ± 7.2^a	67.3 ± 3.0^a	17.4 ± 1.0^a	754.0 ± 8.4^a	628.3 ± 12.4^a	10.0 ± 0.1^a
	Low	103.7 ± 3.9^b	113.1 ± 3.8^cd	83.1 ± 1.6^b	24.3 ± 1.3^bc	825.7 ± 13.3^b	800.3 ± 6.5^c	14.4 ± 0.1^c
	High	118.7 ± 3.3^de	138.8 ± 5.3^e	111.6 ± 5.0^e	34.5 ± 2.9^e	936.7 ± 6.2^d	938.2 ± 5.8^f	16.9 ± 0.2^e

Note: Different lowercase letters after the mean values as the superscripts in same column indicate that one-way ANOVA of the mean values is significantly different (P < .05).