Anti-rheumatoid arthritic effect of fermented Adlay and Achyranthes japonica Nakai on collagen-induced arthritis in mice

Figures & data

Table 1. Major components in the extract of FCL (mg/100 g, dry weight).

Type	4-HPA	SDF	FA
Non-fermented	ND	ND	18.06 ± 0.15
Fermented	53.52 ± 0.13	36.81 ± 0.24	20.69 ± 0.24

Note: Data represent mean ± SD of triplicate determination.

ND: not detected; 4-HPA: 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol; SDF: sodium dehydroferulate; FA: ferulic acid.

Table 2. Effect of FCL and FAJN on body weight (g).

Weeks	Control	CIA	COX	FAJN	FCL
0	19.78 ± 0.39	20.09 ± 0.24	20.22 ± 0.41	20.02 ± 0.25	20.15 ± 0.39
2	21.31 ± 0.37	21.45 ± 0.24	21.59 ± 0.40	21.36 ± 0.24	21.57 ± 0.43
4	22.4 ± 0.36	21.98 ± 0.18	22.97 ± 0.36	22.03 ± 0.31	22.13 ± 0.40
6	23.66 ± 0.38^a,b	22.51 ± 0.38^a	23.83 ± 0.37^b	23.33 ± 0.23^a,b	23.00 ± 0.48^a,b
8	24.63 ± 0.41^c	22.71 ± 0.32^a	24.17 ± 0.44^b,c	22.88 ± 0.33^a	23.45 ± 0.52^a,b

Note: Means ± SE. n = 10.

^a,b,cMeans not sharing the same letter is significantly different among the groups at p < .05.

Figure 1. Effect of FCL and FAJN on (A) arthritis incidence, (B) clinical score and (C) swelling of the paw in collagen-induced arthritis of mice. Means ± SE. n = 10. abc means not sharing the same letter is significantly different among the groups at p < .05. Control: normal group, CIA: negative control group, COX: positive control group, FAJN: fermented Achyranthes extract, FCL: fermented Adlay extract.

Figure 2. Effect of FCL and FAJN on (A) liver and (B) spleen weights in collagen-induced arthritis of mice. Means ± SE. n = 10. abcd means not sharing the same letter is significantly different among the groups at p < .05. Control: normal group, CIA: negative control group, COX: positive control group, FAJN: fermented Achyranthes extract, FCL: fermented Adlay extract.

Figure 3. Histological examination of the effect of FCL and FAJN on joints in collagen-induced arthritis of mice. (A) Erosion score of the joints, (B) the score of synovial inflammation, and (C) total score of arthritis. H&E. Toluidine Blue stain for proteoglycan. Cartilage destruction (close arrow), bone erosion (open arrow), infiltration of inflammatory cells and inflammatory exudate (†), and hyperplasia of surrounding tissue (*). Control: normal group, CIA: negative control group, COX: positive control group, FAJN: fermented Achyranthes extract, FCL: fermented Adlay extract.

Figure 4. Effect of FCL and FAJN on expression of immunoglobulin and inflammatory cytokines in collagen-induced arthritis of mice. (A, B) amount of serum IgM and IgG. (C, D) amount of serum TNF-α and IL-1β. Means ± SE. n = 10. abc means not sharing the same letter is significantly different among the groups at p < .05. Control: normal group, CIA: negative control group, COX: positive control group, FAJN: fermented Achyranthes extract, FCL: fermented Adlay extract.

Figure 5. Effect of FCL and FAJN on the anti-oxidant enzyme activity in collagen-induced arthritis of mice. (A) hepatic SOD and (B) catalase activities. Means ± SE. n = 10. abc means not sharing the same letter is significantly different among the groups at p < .05. Control: normal group, CIA: negative control group, COX: positive control group, FAJN: fermented Achyranthes extract, FCL: fermented Adlay extract.