Immunomodulatory perspectives of potential biological spices with special reference to cancer and diabetes

Figures & data

Table 1. Chemical compositions of spices.

Spices	Botanical name	Composition	References
Turmeric	Curcuma longa	Diarylpentanoids, diarylheptanoids, sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, triterpenoids, diterpenes, sterols, and alkaloid 71.5% curcumin (curcumin I), 19.4% demethoxycurcumin (curcumin II), and 9.1% bisdemethoxycurcumin (curcumin III)	Henrotin et al. (2010) and Pfeiffer, Höhle, Solyom, and Metzler (2003)
Garlic	Allium sativum L.	Allicin, alliin, cycroalliin, DADS, and ajoene, β-phellandrene, geraniol, citral, a-phellandrene, linalool and enzymes (allinase, myrosinase, and peroxidase) flavonoids, vitamins (A, B1, C), and minerals such as potassium, phosphorous, manganese, selenium, sulfur, magnesium, calcium, sodium, iron, germanium, and trace iodine	Bungu, Van de Venter, and Frost (2008), Cerella, Dicato, Jacob, and Diederich (2011)
Ginger	Zingiber officinale	Carbohydrates 60–70%, water 9–12%, protein9%, ash 8%, fatty oil 3–6%, crude fiber 3–8%, and volatile oil 2–3% 30–70% alpha-zingiberene, 15–20% beta-sesquiphellandrene, 10–15% beta-bisabolene, curcumene, betaphellandrene, camphene, zingiberene, cineole, geranyl acetate, terphineol, terpenes, geraniol, borneol, linalool, alpha-farmesene, and limonene	Kumar et al. (2012)
Cinnamon	Cinnamomum zeylanicum	Cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamate, and several essential oils including trans-cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl acetate, eugenol, l-borneol, b-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, E-nerolidol, l-bornyl acetate, α-terpineol, α-cubebene, α-thujene, and terpinolene	Kwon et al. (2010)
Clove		Caryophyllene, eugenol, alpha-terpinyl acetate, alpha-humulene, methyl eugenol, eugenyl, naphthalene, actyl eugenol, heptanone, sesquiterpenes, chavicol, vanillian, and methyl salicylate pinene	Banerjee and Das (2005), Das et al. (2004), and Sengupta et al. (2005)
Basil	Ocimum sanctum	Octane, α-thujene, ethyl 2-methyl butyrate, α-pinene, (Z)-3-hexanol, myrecene, β-pinene, limocene, ethyl benzene, allo-oc-imene, terpiniolene, α-cubebene, butyl-benzene, eugenol, linalool, carvacrol, borneol, methyl eugenol, iedol, humulene oxide, germacrene-D, τ-cadinol, α-guaiol, (EZ)-famesol, α-bisbolol, elemol, cissesquisainene hydrate, selin-11-en-4-α-ol, tetradecanal, and 14-hydroxy-α-humulene	Kothari, Bhattacharya, and Ramesh (2004), Mondello et al. (2002), and Vina and Murillo (2003)
Rosemary	Rosmarinus officinalis L.	Carnosic acid, carnosol, 7-methyl-epirosmanol, rosmanol, rosmadial, isorosmanol, rosmaridiphenol, caffeic acid, and rosmariquinone	Saber and Hawazen (2012)
Oregano	Origanum vulgare	Oleanolic acid, flavonoids, ursolic acid, caffeic, terpinene, hydroquinones, p-cymene, carvacrol, lithospermic, thymol, and rosemarinic acids, and tannins.	Bozin, Mimica-Dukic, Simin, and Anackov (2006), Giordani et al. (2004), and Tampieri et al. (2005)
Fenugreek	Trigonella foenum graecum L.	Steroids, polyphenolic compounds, the flavonoids luteolin, apigenin, isovitexin, quercetin, vitexin, orientin, amino acids, and volatile constituents	Mehrafarin et al. (2010)
Coriander	Coriandrum sativum	γ-terpinene (1–8%), terpinen-4-ol (trace–3%), hydrocarbons; ρ-cymene (trace–3.5%), ketones (7–9%) and esters	Ganesan et al. (2013)
Cardamon	Elettaria cardamomum (L.)	1,8-cineole (21–41%), α-terpinyl acetate (21–35%), α-terpineol (6.2–11.5%), sabinene + β-pinene (0.3–2.4%), limonene (1.7–3.7%), linalool (0.4–8.7%), borneol (0.1–1.2%), nerol (0.6–1.6%), linalyl acetate (1.6–2.4%), neryl acetate (0.8–1.2%), geraniol (1.1–3.7%), farnesol (up to 12.5%), isosafrole (3.8%) and nerolidol (0.2–6.7%)	Georgiev and Stoyanova (2006) and Misharina et al. (2009)
Thymus	Thymus serpyllum L.	Thymol, carvacrol, linalool, α-terpineol and 1,8-cineole. In Estonia, the major components comprise E-nerolidol, caryophyllene oxide, myrcene, (E)-β-caryophyllene, and germacrene-D	Raal, Paaver, Arak, and Orav (2004) and Seung-Joo et al. (2005)

Table 2. Anticancer perspectives of spices.

Sr. no.	Spices	Mechanisms	References
1	Turmeric	Suppressed the activation of NF-κB induced by PMA, TNF-α, or H2O2	Singh and Aggarwal (1995)
		Abrogated LPS persuaded mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) initiation and the translocation of NF-κB p65 Downregulated TNF-α-induced NF-κB initiation	Kim et al. (2005) and Lee (2005)
		Arrested the NF-κB obligatory activity in A549 cells	Lee and Surh (2004)
		Mediated TRAIL-induced apoptosis Suppressed the NF-κB-dependent countenance of IL-6 downstream, deprivation of IκBα upstream and subsequent NF-κB DNA-binding activity in WI-38 VA13 cell Inhibited Ap-1 and NF-κB initiation	Wang et al. (2008)
		Lowered the TPA-encouraged activation of NF-κB through direct intermission of the binding of NF-κB to its agreement DNA sequences	Han, Keum, Seo, and Surh (2002)
		Blocked IκBα degradation, cytokine- encouraged NF-κB DNA-binding activity, IKK activity in HT-29, RelA atomic translocation, IκB serine 32 phosphorylation, Caco-2, and EC-6 cells	Renard, Delaive, Van, Remacle, and Raes (2001)
		Inhibited the BCG-convinced IL-8 production and LPS-mediated TLR2 mRNA induction	Kato et al. (2004)
		Inhibited the activity of NF-κB in primary ATL cells and HTLV-1 infected T-cell lines	Jung et al. (2006)
		Inhibited the activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) by hindering phosphorylation of I-κB	Surh, Han, Keum, Seo, and Lee (2000)
		Reduced the activity of cytochrome P450 and COX-2	Leu and Maa (2002)
		Downlegalized endogenous bcl-2 and baxxL proteins in DU145 cells	Dorai, Cao, Dorai, Buttyan, and Katz (2001)
		Declined the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and also blocked the phosphorylation of cytosolic phospholipase (cPLA(2) Reserved catalytic activities of 5-lipoxygenase (LOX). Inhibited propagation of HT-29 and HCT-15 human colon tumor cell lines	Ravindran, Prasad, and Aggarwal (2009)
2	Garlic	Prevented from the cell proliferation through blocking cell cycle progress, inhibition of DNA adduct formation, bringing apoptosis	Nagini (2008)
		Modulated the cancer cascades and acts as latent chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents	Tsubura et al. (2011)
		Arrested G2/M stage of cell cycle Enhanced phase 2 detoxifying processes Increased acetylation of histones Modulated cellular redox state, post-translational alteration, and participate in the growth of multidrug resistance Inhibited the propagation of tumor cells in vitro through the induction of apoptosis	Iciek et al. (2009) and Melino et al. (2011)
		Hindered the oxidation activity of xanthine Increased the concentration of catalase and SOD Inhibited the colon carcinogenesis induced through aprocarcinogen, DMH	Manju and Nalini (2005)
		Activated caspase Upregulated the p21 level Downregulated cyclin A, cyclin B1, Cdc25C, Cdc2 Arrested cells at G2/M phase and caused apoptosis.	Hsu et al. (2010)
		Suppressed cell proliferation, NF-κB activation Captured cell cycle at G1 phase through down variable cyclin D1	Ippoushi, Azuma, Ito, Horie, and Higashio (2003) and Kim et al. (2005)
		Elevated expression of TNF-α and NF-κB Deactivated NF-κB by the inhibition of the pro-inflammatory TNF-α	Okigbo and Mmeka (2006)
		Inhibited TNF-α production in TPA-treated female ICR rats	Park, Chun, Lee, Lee, and Surh (1998)
		Repressed the NF-κB DNA-binding activity and reserved TPA-induced COX-2 expression	Kim et al. (2004)
		Inhibited the TNF-α production in TPA-treated female ICR rats	Aggarwal and Shishodia (2006)
		Blocked the different steps of NF-κB signing pathway including translocation of NF-κB into the nucleus, DNA obligatory of dimers with the basal transcriptional equipment, and activates the NF-κB signaling cascade,	Habib et al. (2008)
3	Cinnamon	Modulated angiogenesis and cytotoxic activity of CD8+ T cells Induced the apoptosis in a cancer cells lines Reduced the levels and activities of AP1 and NF-κB and their target genes such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL	Kwon et al. (2010)
		Decreased the growth rate of SiHa cells	Schoene, Kelly, Polansky, and Anderson (2005) and Singh et al. (2009)
		Downregulated the appearance of Her-2 in SiHa cells Decrease in the expression of MMP-2 protein Increased the intracellular Ca^+2 concentration Induced apoptosis	Kruman and Mattson (1999) an d Meijerman, Beijnen, and Schellens (2006)
		Repressed the thioredoxin reductase and activated the Nrf2.	Cabello et al. (2009)
		Inhibited the azoxymethane encouraged colon carcinogenesis Lowered the interest of alanine in the rat intestine.	Bhattacharjee, Rana, and Sengupt a (2007)
		Repressed the proliferation of cancer cells lines and encouraged cell death of tumor cells Inhibited AP1 and NF-kB activity and their target genes i.e. BcL-xL, Bcl-2, and upregulated pro-apoptotic molecules	Kwon et al. (2010)
		Lowered the stages of HIF-1a and COX-2 in melanoma cell outlines and in the melanoma mouse model	Gasparini and Xu (2003) and Pugh (2003)
		Lowered the Cox-2 and HIF-1a appearance in the cancer tissues	Gasparini and Xu (2003) and Tomozawa et al. (2000)
4	Clove	Downregulated the H-ras, c-Myc, and Bcl2 countenance along with upregulated the Bax, p53, and active caspase-3 expression in the skin lesions of the rats Recovered the cellular GSH and various enzymes like activities of GR, CAT, GPX, GST, and XO level. It also enhances the p21 and p53 WAF1 stages Overwhelms the COX-2 and iNOS countenance and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, PGE-2), and ODC activity in mice.	Pal et al. (2010)
		Protected from free radicals, lipid per-oxidation, DNA strand breaking, and protein damage.	Gupta et al. (2008)
		Furthermore, eugenol protects the decrease of GSH and antioxidant enzymes caused by TPA	Kaur et al. (2010)
		Induced extreme cell death and apoptotic cell demise in TE-13 cells within 1 day whilst DU-145 cells showed slight cell death	Dwivedi et al. (2011)
5	Basil	Downregulated the expression of genes that endorses the propagation, migration and assault of tumor cells Downcontrol the FAK, activated ERK-1/2, and p65 (subunit of NF-κB) Downregulated such genes that endorse chemo/radiation resistance, and survival (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL)	Shimizu et al. (2013)
		Lowered NO amount, 3-methyl dimethyl amino azobenzene, and benzo (a) pyrine-induced neoplasia and inducing hematomas	Kim et al. (1998)
		Prevented from the social laryngeal epithelial carcinoma cell line (HEp-2), human cervical tumor cell line (HeLa), and NIH 3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts	Kathirvel and Ravi (2011)
		Lowered 20-methylcholanthrene persuaded tumor incidence and tumor volume.	Prakash and Gupta (2000)
		Downregulated VEGF and Bcl-2 expression induced gastric cancer bearing rates	Manikandan et al. (2007) and Pras har et al. (1998)
		Enhanced the activities of cytochrome b5, glutathione S-transferase, cytochrome p450, and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase that detoxify the carcinogens and mutagens	Govind and Madhuri (2006)
		Induced hepatomas of mice and benzo(a)pyrine-induced neoplasia of forestomach	Devi (2001)
6	Cumin	Induced apoptosis linked with DNA ripping and a reduction in mitochondrial membrane probable in 518A2 melanoma and HL-60 cells.	Farah and Begum (2003)
		Encouraged apoptosis and reserved proliferation in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells Downregulated the consequence of TQ on MUC4 in pancreatic tumor cells Showed 88% inhibitory effect on human hepatoma HepG2 cells Enhanced glutathione transferase and quinone reductase contents	Chehl, Chipitsyna, Gong, Yeo, and Arafat (2009)
		Preventive effect against ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA)-induced renal oxidative stress, renal carcinogenesis, and hyper-proliferative response Suppressed the proliferation, DNA synthesis, and viability of cancerous (C4-B, LNCaP, PC-3, and DU145).	Khan and Sultana (2005)
		Induced the p53 sovereign apoptosis through using p53-null human osteosarcoma cells in rats.	Ashour et al. (2014), Hassan, Ahmed, Galeb, El-Taweel, and Abu-Bedair (2008), and Roepke et al. (2007)
		Suppressed the NF-κB activation through inhibition of the activation of I-κB alpha-kinase, I-κB alpha degradation, I-κB alpha phosphorylation, p65 fissionable translocation, the NF-κB reliant on gene expression, and p65 phosphorylation. It inhibits the through binding of recombinant p65 and nuclear p65 to the DNA, and this binding was inverted by DTT. It did not suppress p65 binding to DNA when cells were transfected with the p65 plasmid comprising cysteine remainder 38 mutated to serine
		Downregulated the countenance of proliferative (cyclooxygenase-2, c-Myc, and cyclin D1), NF-κB-regulated antiapoptotic (IAP1, IAP2, Bcl-xL, XIAP Bcl-2, and survivin), and angiogenic (vascular endothelial growing factor and atmosphere metalloproteinase-9) gene yields	Sethi et al. (2008)
7	Rosemary	Hindered the proliferation of MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma), DU145 (human prostate carcinoma), NCI-H82 (human, small cell lung carcinoma), K-562 (human chronic myeloid leukemia), Hep-3B (human (black) liver carcinoma), and MDA-MB-231 (human breast adenocarcinoma and PC-3 (human prostate adenocarcinoma) cancer cell lines	Yesil-Celiktas et al. (2010)
		Lowered the NF-κB activation, TNF-α-induced ROS generation, and then enhanced the TNF-α-persuaded apoptosis	Moon et al. (2010)
		Induced the apoptotic cell death in lymphoblastic leukemia carnosol and lowered the tumor proliferation	Dörrie, Gerauer, Wachter, and Zunino (2001)
		Reduced the cell expiry in the pre-B ALL lines REH, and SEM, RS4;11	Zunino and Storms (2009)
		Enhanced the serum level of CYT-C in colorectal cancer-induced rats	Chen et al. (2011)
		Enhanced the expression of Fas and FasL that leads to cleavage and activation of procaspase-8 and tBid and then mobilization of Bax from cytosol into mitochondria	Kim et al. (2011)
		Induced apoptosis in human breast tumor cell line, MDA-MB-231 and lowers the cell proliferation rate Induced apoptotic molecules associated to either extrinsic or inherent apoptosis signal pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells	Jiang and Wang (2004)
		Induced Bcl-2 downregulation and Bax upregulation then proclamation of cytochrome C to the cytosol from mitochondria	Stevenson et al. (2011)
8	Oregano	Suppressed the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG-2 through inducing apoptosis.	Yin et al. (2012)
		Exhibited cytotoxic activity alongside non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC-N6) and murine leukemia (P388) cell lines.	Chinou, Liolios, Moreau, and Roussakis (2007)
		Showed cytotoxicity in human lung carcinoma cell line A-549, lymphocytic leukemia cell lines P-388 and L-1210	Chinou et al. (2007) and Yin et al. (2012)
		Induced cell growth arrest and cell death in a dose and time reliant in colon adenocarinoma (CaCO2) cells	Isebella, Rosaria, Maria, and Luciana (2009)
		Protected the DNA from variety damaging agents and hinder the proliferation of cancer cells	Shaban, Seyed, and Ali (2009)
		Exhibited the significant proliferative activity beside human breast tumor cell lines (MDR-MB-453), and (MDA-MB-361)	Tatjana, Aleksandra, Zorica, and Milk a (2010)
9	Fenugreek	Exhibited anti-neoplastic consequence on the growth of MCF-7 cells through declining the mitochondrial membrane potential, persuading early apoptotic changes via flicking of phosphatidylserine, humiliating cellular DNA into fragments, and lowering cell viability	Corbiere et al. (2003)
		Induced apoptosis in the HT-29 human colon tumor cell line Upregulated the expression of caspase-3 and inhibited the bcl-2	Raju et al. (2004)
		Induced chemoprotection in osteosarcoma cells, HT-29 cells, and DMBA-persuaded cancer in AKR/J H-2k rats involve consequent overthrow of arachidonic acid metabolism pathway Downregulated the cyclooxygenase-2 and enhanced the mRNA appearance of p53 and p21 and stimulated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) chief to apoptosis	Liu et al. (2005)
10	Coriander	Exhibited anticancer effect on the human cell lines like human cervical HeLa, human breast MCF-7, and murine leukemia cell lines	Thilahgavani et al. (2011)
11	Saffron	Significantly lowered the cell viability as attention and duration of exposure amplified (IC50 of 400 ± 18.5  μg/mL after 48 hours) in MCF-7 cells	Mousavi, Tavakkol-Afshari, Brook, and Jafari-Anarkooli (2009)
		Prolonged progression of papilloma growth and decreased squamous cell carcinoma Decreased soft tissue sarcoma in treated mice Inhibited nucleic acids synthesis in carcinoma development	Nair, Kurumboor, and Hasegawa (1995)
		Exhibited almost 95.6% reduction of solid tumor	Bakshi et al. (2009)
12	Cardamon	Lowered the liver Cytochrome P450 content and overwhelms the chemical carcinogenesis in Swiss Albino mice Increased the 30% GST activity and sulfhydryl levels	Bhattacharjee et al. (2007)
		Increased the splenocyte propagation in a dose-dependent manner Exerted cytotoxic activity of usual killer cells against YAC-1 lymphoma cells	Majdalawieh and Carr (2010)
		Modulated the status of proliferation, modification of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and iNOS	Sengupta et al. (2005)
		Lowered acid-soluble sulfhydryl level and hepatic carcinogen absorbing enzymes (aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, cytochrome P450, and glutathione S-transferase)	Banerjee, Sharma, Kale, and Rao (1994)
		Blocked the adduct formation momentously in a dose-based manner	Hashim, Aboobaker, Madhubala, Bhattacharya, and Rao (1994)
13	Thyme	Lowered the level of DNA damage due to their strong antioxidant potential Suppressed the mutagenicity induced by 4-nitro-ophenylenediamine Hindered proliferation in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion Increased apoptotic cell death as demonstrated by increased caspase3/7 activity	Kluth, Banning, Paur, Blomhoff, and Brigelius-Flohe (2007)
		Hindered malignant phenotype of colon cancer cells	Afnan et al. (2014)

Table 3. Antidiabetic perspectives of spices.

Sr. no.	Spices	Mechanisms	References
1	Turmeric	Inhibited the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) overexpression and NF-κB activation	Weber et al. (2006)
		Exhibited anti-inflammatory potential in cancer necrosis factor alpha-treated HaCaT cells through reserve of nuclear factor-κβ and mitogen-stimulated protein kinase	Cho et al. (2007)
		Reduced diabetes problems such as nephrologic, ophthalmologic, and cardiovascular Decreased renal lesions in STZ encouraged diabetes mice	Suryanarayana et al. (2005)
		Lessened proteinuria, TGF-β and IL-8	Khajehdehi et al. (2012)
		Lowered plasma lipid peroxides, enlarged antioxidant α-tocopherol and coenzyme Q levels	Quiles et al. (2002)
		Improved the postprandial serum insulin levels	Wickenberg et al. (2010)
		Enhanced the activation of PPAR-γ and increased the antioxidant level of pancreatic β-cells	Murugan and Pari (2006)
		Exhibited inhibition on macrophage inflammatory protein-1a, tumor necrosis factor-a by PMA, membrane cofactor protein-1 and IL-1b, alveolar macrophages and the production of interleukin (IL)-8	Iqbal, Okazaki, and Okada (2003)
		Inhibited VEGF, and NF-κB signaling, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1b) and increasing activity of chaperone molecules	Murugan and Pari (2006)
		Inhibited the glucose level enhancement in hyperglycemic KK-A(y) mice Stimulated the human adipocyte diversity in a dose-dependent manner and shown human PPAR-γ ligand-binding activity in a GAL4-PPAR-gamma whimsy assay	Kuroda et al. (2005)
		Reduced the glucose level, FFAs, glycosylated hemoglobin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and lipid per-oxidation levels Enhanced the hepatic glycokinase activity and plasma insulin points in C57BL/Ks-db/db diabetic rats	Arun and Nalini (2002)
		Attenuated insulin resistance, and reduction in leptin levels Lowered blood sugar glucose level, reduces TNF-α levels, and improved the insulin sensitivity	Jang et al. (2008)
		Improved glucose tolerance, amplified adipose tissue adiponectin making, lowered insulin conflict, and pro-inflammatory cytokines with IL-1β, TNF-α, and partial white adipose tissue macrophage permeation in obese, leptin-deficient ob/ob C57 BL/6J rats	Weisberg et al. (2003)
2	Garlic	Improved the hepatic glycogen equal and permitted amino acid content and dropped the glucose and triglyceride concentration Inhibited superoxide formation and lipid per-oxidation Blocked the AGEs synthesis	Khan et al. (2012)
		Enhanced the liver glycogen and free amino acids contents that overwhelms the triglycerides level, liver serum proteins, and FBS	Tripathi et al. (2011)
		Triggered many enzymes including lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), glucose-6-phosphatase, and hexokinase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG) CoA reductase	Noor, Bansal, and Vijayalakshmi (2013)
		Lessened the levels of anti-islet cell antibodies ICA, elevated pan innate cells marker (CD11b), the elevated pan B cell marker (CD19), and elevated pan T-cell marker (CD90)	Osman, Adnan, Salmah, and Alashkham (2012)
		Released bound insulin or improved insulin sensitivity and high pancreatic excretion of insulin from β-cells	Liu, Wong, Lii, Hse, and Sheen (2006).
		Modulated the NADPH oxidase	Yang et al. (2013)
3	Ginger	Substantial decreased in plasma malondialdehyde concentration Increased total antioxidant capacity as well as erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities (GSH-Px and SOD) Decreased malondialdehyde level	Afshari et al. (2007) and Cho et al. (2002)
		Decreased TBARS level Upsurged the activity of glutathione peroxidase Decreased plasma-free radical and lipid per-oxidation (MAD)	Sozmen, Soxmen, Delen, and Onat (2001)
4	Cinnamon	It also improved the IR function through starting the enzyme that bases insulin to bind to cells and suppressing the enzyme (IR phosphatase), important to most phosphorylation of the IR that is linked with enhanced insulin sensitivity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes	Jarvill-taylor et al. (2001)
		Downregulated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) activity and stimulated the autophosphorylation of the IR, glycogen synthesis, glycogen synthase (GS) activity, and upregulated glucose endorsement in 3T3-L1 adipocytes	Anderson et al. (2004)
		Recovered the postprandial overproduction of intestinal apoB48-containing lipoproteins through ameliorating intestinal insulin fight	Amin and Abd El-Twab (2009), Jarvill-taylor et al. (2001), and Qin, Polansky, Sato, Adeli, and Anderson (2009)
		Hindered hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity, ensuing in lesser hepatic cholesterol content, and overwhelms lipid per-oxidation via enhancement of hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities
		Prevented from the improvement of insulin confrontation through increasing the insulin gesturing Increased glucose transport	Kannappan et al. (2006) and Kim et al. (2006)
5	Clove	Lowered blood sugar level Decreased cholesterol, triglycerides and low mass lipoprotein Enhanced high mass protein Redeveloped the pancreatic β-cells and through lowering 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase activity) Decreased the NADPH which is required for cholesterol and fatty acids biosynthesis Decreased the toxicity of oxidized LDL-cholesterol and overwhelms the lipoprotein lipase activity	Srinivasan (2005)
6	Basil	Significantly decreased in abstaining blood sugar level Reduction in uronic acid Entire cholesterol, triglyceride and total lipid	Vats, Grover, and Rathi (2002)
		Reduced the glucose level Improved in the renal glycogen gratified	Vats, Yadav, and Grover (2004)
		Decreased plasma glucose level Improved renal glycogen content and skeletal muscle and hepatic glycogen levels	Lemhadri et al. (2004)
7	Cumin	Lowered the blood glucose and overwhelms the creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, glycosylated hemoglobin, and better-quality serum glycogen and insulin contents	Dhandapani, Subramanian, Rajagopal, and Namasivayam ( 2002) and Jagtap and Patil (2010)
		Prohibited α-crystallin, glycation of whole soluble protein, and behind the development and ripening of STZ-induced cataract Prohibited loss of chaperone activity and also lessened the organizational changes of α-crystalline (long-lived protein) Lowered the area beneath the glucose lenience curve Inhibited the aldose reductase and alphaglucosidase enzymes activities	Lee (2005)
		Repressed alcohol and thermally oxidized oil induced hyperlipidemia Lowered ALP, AST, and γ- GGT activities Lowered the activity of phospholipase A and C	Aruna et al. (2005)
		Inhibited α-glucosidase, this enzyme Decreased serum glucose level	Ani and Akhilende r (2008 ) an d Fujita, Yamagami, and Ohshima (2001)
		Hindered α-glucosidase, and Aldose reductase Decreased absorption of glucose from intestine through reduction glucose transport processes Avoided rises of insulin level in the body	Fujita, Yamagami, and Ohshima (2001) and paper folder
8	Rosemary	Suppressed the LDL oxidation in a dose-reliant manner	Fuhrman, Volkova, Rosenblat, and Aviram (2000) and Naidu and Thippeswamy (2002)
		Lowered high blood sugar level	Suzuki, Ito, Nakamura, Ochiai, and Aoki (2002)
9	Oregano	Improved glucose concentration through growing insulin sensitivity	Talpur et al. (2005)
		Inhibited tubular glucose re-absorption and a decreased in the intestinal absorption of glucose	Maghrani, Lemhadri, Jouad, Michel, and Eddouks (2003), Ortiz-Andrade et al. (2007), and Takeda et al. (2008)
		Significantly lowered the neck and neck of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) (high level of HbAlc indicates DM) Stimulated the insulin level from the remainder pancreatic β-cells	Vinay et al. (2010)
		Enhanced the pancreatic amylase Prolonged the carbohydrate digestion time	Valiathan (1998)
		Exhibited robust inhibitory activity against porcine pancreatic amylase (PPA) in vitro trial of rats Inhibited the PPA activity	McCue, Vattem, and Shetty (2004)
		Lessened the concentration of blood glucose in STZ-induced diabetic mice without affecting basal plasma insulin absorptions	Lemhadri et al. (2004)
10	Fenugreek	Showed the insulin tropic activity, improved the glucose-persuaded insulin issue	Sauvaire et al. (1998)
		Enhanced the number of IRs, and decreases the area beneath the plasma glucose curve in human studies	Raghuram, Sharma, Sivakumar, and Sahay (1994)
		Showed the anti-hyperglycemia action through overwhelming the accomplishments of alpha-amylase, and rouse the glucose reliant on insulin excretion from pancreatic beta cells	Ethan, Grace, and Michael (2003)
11	Coriander	Lowered the absorptions of cholesterol and cholesterol to phospholipid ratio and significantly enhanced the phospholipid level	Chithra and Leelamma (2000)
		Reduced the blood glucose level in mice owing to improvement in glucose uptake and metabolism Elevated the levels of insulin resistant, insulin, TG, TC, and LDL-cholesterol	Gray and Flatt (1999)
		Lowered the cholesterol biosynthesis through suppression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase (cholesterol biosynthesis enzyme) Increased in LCAT activity Improved the poverty of cholesterol to fecal bile acids and impartial sterols Suppressed the lipogenic enzymes or inhibited hormone-sensitive tissue lipases Activated LCAT and tissues lipases	Another group of researchers: Aissaoui, Zizi, Israili, and Lyoussi (2011), Chithra and Leelamma (1997), Dhanapakiam, Joseph, Ramaswamy, Moorthi, and Kumar (2007) , and Pari and Venkateswaran (2003)
		Encouraged glucose consumption by peripheral tissues including muscle and adipose tissue or by enhanced insulin signaling Increased hepatic glucose endorsement and decreased in hepatic glucose production and release Increased glucose-6-phosphataseactivity and decreased glucokinase activity Increased glycolysis and decrease gluconeogenesis Reserved of intestinal nutrient transporters such as intestinal Na-reliant on glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1).	The groups of different scientists : Gallagher, Flatt, Duffy, and Abdel-Wahab (2003), Kondeti et al. (2010), Miura et al. (2001), and Tahraoui, El-Hilaly, Israili, and Lyoussi (2007)
		Lowered the HDL-cholesterol level, the atherosclerotic index	Tahraoui et al. (2007)
12	Saffron	Enhanced the insulin and lowers the blood glucose	Mohajeri et al. (2009)
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