Effects of fermented cottonseed meal on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, immune functions, antioxidative abilities, and cecal microflora in broilers

Figures & data

Table 1. Ingredient composition and nutrient content of experimental diets containing fermented cottonseed meal.

Items	Starter phase (days 1–21)				Grower phase (days 22–42)
	SBM	CSM	FCSM-1	FCSM-2	SBM	CSM	FCSM-1	FCSM-2
Ingredients (% as-fed)
Corn	52.01	51.9	52.38	52.65	64.27	63.62	63.55	62.76
Soybean meal	40.73	31.15	30.59	20.45	30.15	22.63	22.63	15.09
Fermented cottonseed meal	0	0	8.9	17.9	0	0	7.5	15.1
Cottonseed meal	0	8.9	0	0	0	7.5	0	0
Soybean oil	2.63	3.13	3.16	3.7	1.64	2.07	2.1	2.55
Dicalcium phosphate	1.86	1.79	1.79	1.71	1.28	1.21	1.21	1.15
Limestone	1.2	1.26	1.26	1.33	1.32	1.38	1.38	1.43
Salt	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.32
Choline chloride (50%)	0.26	0.26	0.26	0.26	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vitamin premix^a	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02
Mineral premix^b	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2
L-Lysine•HCl (98%)	0.303	0.524	0.531	0.749	0.29	0.473	0.477	0.664
DL-methionine (98%)	0.287	0.31	0.338	0.389	0.257	0.277	0.3	0.343
Threonine (98%)	0.05	0.106	0.121	0.192	0.053	0.1	0.113	0.173
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Calculated chemical composition
Crude protein (%)^c	23.6	23.0	23.4	23.7	20.1	20.3	20.5	20.7
ME (kcal/kg)	3000	3000	3000	3000	3100	3100	3100	3100
Calcium (%)	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.9	0.9
Total phosphorus(%)	0.7	0.72	0.63	0.55	0.58	0.6	0.52	0.46
Non-phytate P (%)	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.35	0.35	0.35	0.35
Methionine	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40
Lysine (%)	1.15	1.15	1.15	1.15	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Met + Cys (%)	0.94	0.94	0.94	0.94	0.82	0.82	0.82	0.82

Note: SBM, soybean meal; CSM, cottonseed meal; FCSM, fermented cottonseed meal.

^aVitamin premix provided the following per kilogram of diet; vitamin A, 9500 IU; vitamin D₃, 3800 IU; vitamin K₃, 2.65 mg; vitamin B12, 0.025 mg; thiamine, 2 mg; vitamin B₂, 6 mg; vitamin E, 30 IU; biotin, 0.0325 mg; folic acid, 1.25 mg; pantothenic acid, 12 mg; nicotinic acid, 50 mg.

^bThe mineral premix provided the following per kg of diet: Cu, 8 mg; Zn, 75 mg; Fe, 80 mg; Mn, 100 mg; Se, 0.15 mg; I, 0.35 mg.

^cCrude protein level is analyzed value.

Table 2. Chemical composition of cottonseed meal and fermented cottonseed meal used (%, air-dry basis)^a.

Component	CSM	FCSM
Dry matter	91.92	90.2
Crude protein	49.8	51
Gross energy (MJ/kg)	17.85	17.6
Crude fiber	8.5	7.97
Ash	6.83	7.16
Calcium	0.14	0.12
Total phosphorus	1.08	1.07
Acid-soluble protein	3.59	5.63
Amino acids
Aspartate	3.15	2.55
Threonine	1.75	2.49
Serine	1.85	2.18
Glutamate	9.2	8.82
Glycine	1.91	1.9
Alanine	1.79	1.89
Cystine	0.97	0.73
Valine	2.05	1.93
Methionine	0.53	0.43
Isoleucine	1.41	1.38
Leucine	2.83	2.75
Tyrosine	1.17	1.27
Phenylalanine	2.58	2.3
Lysine	1.94	1.93
Histidine	1.53	1.1
Arginine	5.67	5.51
pH	6.45	5.61
Free gossypol (mg/kg)	820	346
Bacillus subtilis (cfu/g)^b	ND	3 × 10^8
Saccharomycetes (cfu/g)^b	ND	2 × 10^8

Note: CSM, cottonseed meal; FCSM, fermented cottonseed meal. ND, not determined.

^aAnalytical values, means of triplicate analyses.

^bBacillus subtilis and Saccharomycetes counts were determined in wet basis before drying.

Table 3. Effect of fermented cottonseed meal on the growth performance¹.

Items	SBM	CSM	FCSM-1	FCSM-2	P-value
Days 1–21
ADG (g)	32.7 ± 1.32	31.6 ± 1.47	32.8 ± 1.00	32.8 ± 3.33	.592
ADFI (g)	45.5 ± 1.43	44.4 ± 2.01	46.1 ± 1.83	44.6 ± 4.71	.577
FCR	1.40 ± 0.04	1.41 ± 0.06	1.40 ± 0.04	1.36 ± 0.10	.535
Days 22–42
ADG (g)	75.2 ± 3.66	75.6 ± 2.09	76.3 ± 4.19	70.9 ± 4.42	.093
ADFI (g)	140 ± 11.6	150 ± 5.10	148 ± 9.63	151 ± 7.38	.143
FCR	1.87 ± 0.15^a	1.99 ± 0.05^a	1.93 ± 0.07^a	2.13 ± 0.09^b	.002
Days 1–42
ADG (g)	53.8 ± 2.29^b	53.6 ± 1.28^b	54.4 ± 2.52^b	50.6 ± 2.48^a	.043
ADFI (g)	91.2 ± 6.02	95.4 ± 3.15	94.8 ± 5.67	92.4 ± 6.29	.457
FCR	1.70 ± 0.09^a	1.78 ± 0.05^b	1.74 ± 0.04^ab	1.82 ± 0.09^b	.030

Note: ADG, average daily gain; ADFI, average daily feed intake; FCR, feed conversion ratio; SBM, soybean meal; CSM, cottonseed meal; FCSM, fermented cottonseed meal.

^a,bMeans in the same row with no common superscripts differ significantly (P < .05).

¹Data were means of eight cages of birds.

Table 4. Effect of fermented cottonseed meal on serum immunoglobulin level (mg/mL)¹.

Items	SBM	CSM	FCSM-1	FCSM-2	P-value
Day 21
IgA	0.21 ± 0.02	0.19 ± 0.01	0.22 ± 0.09	0.20 ± 0.06	.767
IgM	1.56 ± 0.35^a	1.33 ± 0.28^a	2.40 ± 0.40^b	1.67 ± 0.35^a	.003
IgG	7.02 ± 1.16^ab	5.75 ± 0.87^a	7.98 ± 0.67^b	6.84 ± 1.20^ab	.036
Day 42
IgA	0.23 ± 0.03	0.21 ± 0.22	0.23 ± 0.03	0.22 ± 0.01	.739
IgM	1.70 ± 0.09^b	1.48 ± 0.17^a	2.56 ± 0.19^c	1.73 ± 0.16^b	<.001
IgG	7.39 ± 1.12	6.82 ± 0.75	8.05 ± 1.76	7.31 ± 1.64	.503

Note: ²IgA, immunoglobulin A; IgM, immunoglobulin M; IgG, immunoglobulin G; SBM, soybean meal; CSM, cottonseed meal; FCSM, fermented cottonseed meal.

^a,b,cMeans in the same row with no common superscripts differ significantly (P < .05).

¹Data were means of eight birds per treatment.

Table 5. Effect of fermented cottonseed meal on serum biochemical parameters¹.

Items	SBM	CSM	FCSM-1	FCSM-2	P-value
Day 21
TP (g/L)	27.8 ± 3.86^b	15.9 ± 7.50^a	28.7 ± 6.31^b	24.6 ± 2.05^b	.004
ALB (g/L)	12.0 ± 0.40^b	9.40 ± 0.83^a	12.5 ± 0.96^b	12.0 ± 0.16^b	<.001
BUN (mmol/L)	1.53 ± 0.25^a	2.64 ± 0.49^b	1.41 ± 0.17^a	1.62 ± 0.21^a	<.001
TG (mmol/L)	0.37 ± 0.12	0.42 ± 0.07	0.37 ± 0.17	0.39 ± 0.10	.891
AST (U/L)	114 ± 14.9	123 ± 19.1	108 ± 12.6	114 ± 0.10	.568
ALT (U/L)	2.59 ± 0.41	3.32 ± 1.72	2.22 ± 0.91	2.42 ± 0.27	.305
Day 42
TP (g/L)	35.8 ± 2.65^b	26.1 ± 3.55^a	37.0 ± 8.04^b	35.2 ± 5.44^b	.001
ALB (g/L)	14.0 ± 1.38^b	11.0 ± 1.10^a	14.6 ± 1.40^b	13.8 ± 1.06^b	<.001
BUN (mmol/L)	1.60 ± 0.25^a	2.84 ± 0.31^b	1.49 ± 0.47^a	1.61 ± 0.31^a	<.001
TG (mmol/L)	0.25 ± 0.08^a	0.33 ± 0.04^b	0.24 ± 0.04^a	0.26 ± 0.05^a	.022
AST (U/L)	34.3 ± 11.6	42.5 ± 12.9	31.6 ± 9.31	33.5 ± 8.67	.281
ALT (U/L)	1.88 ± 0.63	2.41 ± 0.71	1.55 ± 0.45	1.83 ± 1.09	.34

Note: TP, total protein; ALB, albumin; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; TG, triglycerides; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; SBM, soybean meal; CSM, cottonseed meal; FCSM, fermented cottonseed meal.

^a,bMeans in the same row with no common superscripts differ significantly (P < .05).

¹Data were means of eight birds per treatment.

Table 6. Effect of fermented cottonseed meal on serum antioxidative capacity¹.

Items	SBM	CSM	FCSM-1	FCSM-2	P-value
Day 21
T-AOC (U/mL)	4.40 ± 0.78	4.19 ± 0.92	5.04 ± 0.73	4.46 ± 0.91	.403
GSH-Px (U)	1666 ± 125^ab	1564 ± 114^a	1809 ± 57.7^b	1636 ± 123^ab	.047
T-SOD (U/mL)	142 ± 9.15^b	138 ± 8.57^a	157 ± 6.43^b	144 ± 2.48^b	.003
MDA (nmol/mL)	3.57 ± 0.61	3.79 ± 0.18	3.53 ± 0.38	3.53 ± 0.21	.75
Day 42
T-AOC (U/mL)	9.10 ± 0.47^b	7.99 ± 0.76^a	9.44 ± 0.73^b	8.54 ± 0.37^ab	.026
GSH-Px (U)	1328 ± 64.9^ab	1207 ± 159^a	1520 ± 157^b	1281 ± 199^a	.029
T-SOD (U/mL)	186 ± 38.7	176 ± 35.9	197 ± 19.1	193 ± 12.9	.692
MDA (nmol/mL)	2.31 ± 0.59^a	3.33 ± 0.51^b	2.25 ± 0.22^a	2.41 ± 0.45^a	.002

Note: T-AOC, total antioxidant capacity; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; T-SOD, total superoxide dismutase; MDA, malondialdehyde; SBM, soybean meal; CSM, cottonseed meal; FCSM, fermented cottonseed meal.

^a,bMeans in the same row with no common superscripts differ significantly (P < .05).

¹Data were means of eight birds per treatment.

Table 7. Effect of fermented cottonseed meal on antioxidative capacity of liver tissue¹.

Items	SBM	CSM	FCSM-1	FCSM-2	P-value
Day 21
T-AOC (U/mg protein)	1.85 ± 0.12^ab	1.67 ± 0.10^a	2.02 ± 0.26^b	1.83 ± 0.22^ab	<.001
GSH-Px (U/mg protein)	1294 ± 97.2^a	1255 ± 119^a	1430 ± 157^b	1292 ± 78.6^a	.045
T-SOD (U/mg protein)	331 ± 19.0	322 ± 9.14	344 ± 15.7	337 ± 11.1	.096
MDA (nmol/mg protein)	3.31 ± 0.43^bc	3.73 ± 0.77^c	2.40 ± 0.86^a	2.77 ± 0.64^ab	.017
Day 42
T-AOC (U/mg protein)	1.71 ± 0.11^a	1.61 ± 0.15^a	2.17 ± 0.14^b	1.73 ± 0.09^a	<.001
GSH-Px (U/mg protein)	1295 ± 256	1116 ± 105	1366 ± 164	1254 ± 123	.09
T-SOD (U/mg protein)	356 ± 3.65^a	339 ± 12.6^a	365 ± 16.2^b	352 ± 16.2^a	.028
MDA (nmol/mg protein)	3.28 ± 0.75	3.78 ± 0.50	2.75 ± 0.38	3.01 ± 0.88	.116

Note: T-AOC, total antioxidant capacity; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase; T-SOD, total superoxide dismutase; MDA, malondialdehyde; SBM, soybean meal; CSM, cottonseed meal; FCSM, fermented cottonseed meal.

^a,bMeans in the same row with no common superscripts differ significantly (P < .05).

¹Data were means of eight birds per treatment.

Table 8. Effect of fermented cottonseed meal on cecal microflora population (log cfu/g)¹.

Items	SBM	CSM	FCSM-1	FCSM-2	P-value
Day 21
Total anaerobic bacteria	8.06 ± 0.44	7.81 ± 0.46	8.32 ± 0.44	8.02 ± 0.50	.325
Lactobacilli	7.85 ± 0.33^b	7.37 ± 0.36^a	8.30 ± 0.32^c	7.82 ± 0.32^b	.001
Day 42
Total anaerobic bacteria	8.66 ± 0.37^b	8.15 ± 0.55^a	8.92 ± 0.47^b	8.69 ± 0.14^b	.026
Lactobacilli	8.14 ± 0.50^ab	7.61 ± 0.07^a	8.42 ± 0.46^b	8.12 ± 0.50^ab	.038

Note: SBM, soybean meal; CSM, cottonseed meal; FCSM, fermented cottonseed meal.

^a,bMeans in the same row with no common superscripts differ significantly (P < .05).

¹Data were means of eight birds per treatment.