An Indian polyherbal phytogenic source improved blood serum biochemistry and immune response of dairy calves

Figures & data

Figure 1. Total ion chromatogram of the volatile components and chemical composition in IndPPs. Chemical composition of Indian polyherbal phytogenic source (IndPPs) by CG-MS with retention time^(rt): 1.- Toluene; 2.- Cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl-; 3.- 4,7-Methanoindan-2-one, 3a,4,7,7a- tetrahydro-; 4.- 1-Hexene,3,3,5-trimethyl; 5.- Cyclopentasiloxane, decamethyl-; 6.- 2-Decenal, (E)-; 7.- Thymol; 8.- Phenol, 2-methoxy-3-(2-propenyl)-; 9.- Benzene, 1-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)−4-methyl-; 10.- Benzene, 1-(5,5-dimethyl-1-cyclopenten-1-yl)−2-methoxy-; 11.- Caryophyllene oxide; 12.- 2-Cyclohexen-1-one, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-; 13.- 1,5-Heptadien-4-one, 3,3,6-trimethyl-; 14.- Cyclopropyl phenyl carbinol; 15.- Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,1,6-trimethyl-; 16.- 5-Hydroxymethyl-1,1,4a-trimethyl-6; 17.- Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester; 18.- n-Hexadecanoic acid; 19.- 8-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester; 20.- Phenol, 4-(3,7-dimethyl-3-ethenylo cta-1,6-dienyl)-; 21.- Oleic Acid; 22.- 9-Octadecenoic acid, (E)-; 23.- Hexadecanoic acid, 1,1-dimethylethyl ester; 24.- 11-Eicosenoic acid, methyl ester; 25.- Octadec-9-enoic acid; 26.- Cyclohexane, 1-(1,5-dimethylhexyl)−4-(4-methylpentyl)-; 27.- Tetracosane; 28.- 9,17-Octadecadienal, (Z)-; 29.- Hexacosane; 31.- Cinnamyl cinnamate; 32.- Heptacosane; 33.- Docosane; 34.- Triacontane; 35.- Nonadecane; 36.- Dotriacontane; 37.- D,.alpha.-Tocopherol; 38.- Silane, trimethyl[5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)phenoxy]-; 39.- Heneicosane, 11-decyl-; 40.- Silane, trimethyl[5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)phenoxy]-; 41.- Acetamide, N-[4-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl]-; 42.- Eicosane; 43.- Demecolcine.

Table 1. Effect of an Indian polyherbal phytogenic source (IndPPs) on calves productive performance and health.

Item	^†IndPPs gd^−1				^‡SEM	P- value
	0	1	2	3		Linear	Quadratic
Average daily gain (ADG) kg/d	0.672	0.713	0.607	0.727	0.01	0.56	0.51
Final BW, kg	86.70	89.40	82.5	90.3	14.43	0.56	0.51
Final wither height, cm	90.00	91.90	90.0	90.6	2.05	0.82	0.16
Final hip height, cm	95.40	98.40	96.4	98.5	1.65	0.91	0.19
Final thoracic girth, cm	101.50	103.30	100.09	103.8	2.59	0.49	0.09
Starter diet intake, gd^−1	829.00	663.00	523.00	656.00	32.03	< 0.01	0.33
Feed intake variation, gd^−1 individuals %	107.38	132.05	123.53	127.00	0.413 18.30	< 0.01	< 0.01
Milk + replacer intake, kg/d liters/d	2.454	2.838	2.921	2.913	0.062	< 0.01	< 0.01
Feed conversion ratio	2.15	1.96	2.16	1.94	0.018	0.62	0.28
Number of diarrheas	0.29	1.81	2.27	1.27	0.591	< 0.01	0.91
Number of pneumonias	3.61	4.20	2.33	0.80	3.19	0.35	0.15
Number of otitis	5.66	2.90	5.22	3.10	7.14	0.74	0.18
Antibiotic doses	5.30	9.40	7.4	4.7	5.46	0.09	0.75

^† Indian polyherbal phytogenic source (PeptaSan®, Nuproxa, LTD, Switzerland).

^‡ SEM: Standard error of the mean.

Table 2. Effect of an Indian polyherbal phytogenic source (IndPPs) on blood serum biochemistry of calves.

Item	^†IndPPs gd^−1				^‡SEM	P- value
	0	1	2	3		Linear	Quadratic
Glucose mmol/L	4.10	2.79	2.76	3.15	1.564	< 0.01	< 0.01
B-OH Butyrate mmol/L	0.329	0.390	0.275	0.410	0.150	0.20	0.03
Urea mmol/L	7.87	8.71	8.60	8.71	1.274	0.37	0.65
Uric acid µmol/L	30.03	38.66	17.66	17.78	0.312	0.24	0.29
Creatinine mmol/L	89.46	93.70	114.92	102.54	0.515	0.10	0.93
Protein mmol/L	69.80	73.40	73.50	70.90	0.177	0.04	0.09
Globulin g/dL	3.03	3.09	3.27	2.95	0.023	0.38	0.68
Albumin g/dL	3.95	4.27	4.07	4.05	0.001	0.18	0.01
Ratio A/G	1.33	1.40	1.25	1.35	0.007	0.98	0.17
Cholesterol mmol/L	1.05	0.96	0.97	1.02	0.263	0.13	0.67
Bilirubin mmol/L	6.32	8.03	8.34	7.02	1.881	0.03	0.83
ALP U/L	25.70	42.90	47.22	42.40	16.03	< 0.01	0.17
LDH U/L	79.64	79.20	82.77	82.00	47.66	0.97	0.92
AST(GOT) U/L	25.52	22.50	29.00	18.74	16.77	0.85	0.16
Calcium mmol/L	2.30	2.35	2.10	2.26	0.056	0.26	0.12
Phosphorus mmol/L	1.66	1.49	1.51	1.45	0.034	0.45	0.10

ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; AST (GOT): Aspartate amino trasnferase.

^† Indian polyherbal phytogenic source (PeptaSan®, Nuproxa, LTD, Switzerland).

^‡ SEM: Standard error of the mean.

Table 3. Effect of an Indian polyherbal phytogenic source (IndPPs) on blood cells of calves.

Item	^†IndPPs gd^−1				^‡SEM	P- value
	0	1	2	3		Linear	Quadratic
Hematocrit %	35.13	37.05	39.33	36.15	1.79	< 0.01	0.41
Hemoglobin g/dl	11.91	12.62	13.20	12.04	0.20	< 0.01	0.79
Erythrocytes × 10^6/ml	5.39	5.50	5.84	5.37	0.05	0.01	0.08
MCV fl	65.70	67.30	67.30	67.20	2.29	0.56	0.18
MCH pg	22.20	22.90	22.60	22.40	0.27	0.91	0.04
MCHC g/dl	33.90	34.00	33.6 0	33.30	0.06	0.14	0.02
Platelets × 10^3/ml	407.22	461.6	461.22	388.2	135.50	0.26	0.29
WSR, ml/h	0.27	0.0	0.55	0.0	0.158	0.58	0.24
Leukocytes × 10^3/ml	11.4	10.8	11.98	14.55	2.34	0.72	0.42
Lymphocytes× 10^3/ml	45.88	41.10	47.55	45.9	4.05	0.45	0.01
Monocyte× 10^3/ml	4.55	4.30	4.11	4.80	0.56	0.61	0.88
Segmented neutrophils × 10^3/ml	41.94	49.10	42.22	44.50	14.55	0.64	0.03
Neutrophils in band× 10^3/ml	4.33	1.70	2.33	2.10	0.90	0.885	0.04
Eosinophils× 10^3/ml	3.00	3.30	3.77	2.60	0.37	0.34	0.70
Basophils× 10^3/ml	0.27	0.50	0.00	0.10	0.032	0.51	0.34
Plasma proteins g/dL	9.09	9.04	9.24	8.82	0.08	0.76	0.78

MCV: medium corpuscular volume; MCH: medium corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC: medium corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; WSR: Wintrobe sedimentation rate.

^† Indian polyherbal phytogenic source (PeptaSan®, Nuproxa, LTD, Switzerland).

^‡ SEM: Standard error of the mean.

Figure 2. Effects of an Indian polyherbal phytogenic source (IndPPs) on antibodies on plasma blood from calves. Linear P < 0.01; Quadratic P = 0.19; SEM: Standard error of the mean = 0.07.