Gender differentials on the health consequences of care-giving to people with AIDS-related illness among older informal carers in two slums in Nairobi, Kenya

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of HIV-caregivers, other caregivers and non-caregivers.

	HIV-caregivers	Other caregivers	Non-caregivers	Total
Women
Age group**
50–54	39.4	54.2	35.3	36.3
55–59	36.4	16.7	18.6	19.6
60 +	24.2	29.2	46.1	44.1
Mean age***	56.3	56.6	61.6	61.1
Education level**
No education	45.5	20.8	51.3	49.6
Primary	36.4	75.0	44.2	45.0
Secondary or higher	18.2	4.2	4.6	5.3
Marital status
Not married	57.6	70.8	69.5	68.9
Currently married	42.4	29.2	30.5	31.1
Most recent employment status
Unemployed	36.4	41.7	35.8	36.1
Runs own business	48.5	50.0	56.2	55.5
Employed (informal)	9.1	4.2	6.1	6.2
Employed (formal)	6.1	4.2	1.8	2.1
N	33	24	505	562
Men
Age group
50–54	47.1	42.3	43.9	43.9
55–59	14.7	30.8	27.3	27.0
60 +	38.2	26.9	28.8	29.1
Mean age	58.4	58.0	58.0	58.0
Education level
No education	11.8	5.8	21.3	20.0
Primary	70.6	76.9	61.1	62.4
Secondary or higher	17.7	17.3	17.7	17.7
Marital status
Not married	11.8	3.9	11.1	10.7
Currently married	88.2	96.2	88.9	89.3
Most recent employment status
Unemployed	23.5	19.2	12.8	13.6
Runs own business	23.5	40.4	41.2	40.5
Employed (informal)	32.4	32.7	29.1	29.4
Employed (formal)	20.6	7.7	16.9	16.5
N	34	52	781	867
Total	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Note: Chi-square test for between care-giving differences and F-test significance levels *** < 0.001; ** < 0.01; * < 0.05. Source: Authors’ analysis of NUHDSS Individual Data File, 2006.

Table 2. Mean and SD of disability domain scores by care-giving experience for women and men.

	HIV caregivers	Other caregivers	Non-caregivers	Total
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
Women
Mobility	26.6 (25.7)	24.7 (26.2)	21.6 (23.0)	22.0 (23.3)
Cognition	8.6 (14.3)	9.2 (16.4)	10.3 (15.6)	10.2 (15.6)
Self-care	2.2 (7.9)	3.1 (12.2)	4.4 (13.2)	4.2 (12.9)
Interpersonal	11.8 (13.0)	8.2 (11.7)	9.9 (14.8)	9.9 (14.5)
Life activities	14.5 (20.7)	18.4 (27.7)	15.5 (23.1)	15.6 (23.3)
Participation in society	6.6 (17.1)	5.3 (15.6)	9.3 (22.7)	8.9 (22.1)
Overall disability	12.8 (11.3)	12.2 (14.1)	12.3 (13.5)	12.3 (13.4)
Men
Mobility	18.5 (21.3)	14.0 (19.5)	9.0 (16.1)	9.7 (16.7)
Cognition	10.0 (16.6)	6.0 (11.0)	5.5 (11.5)	5.7 (11.8)
Self-care	2.3 (8.3)	1.3 (5.1)	2.0 (8.0)	1.9 (7.8)
Interpersonal	8.3 (14.9)	4.0 (8.3)	5.2 (10.6)	5.2 (10.7)
Life activities	16.0 (23.0)	8.1 (14.9)	8.2 (17.0)	8.4 (17.1)
Participation in society	2.0 (9.9)	1.1 (7.4)	4.3 (15.4)	4.0 (14.8)
Overall disability	10.4 (11.8)	6.5 (7.9)	5.9 (9.3)	6.1 (9.4)
Note: SD shown in parenthesis.

Table 3. Results of multiple linear regression models of disability domains for women and men.^a

	Women		Men
	Coefficient (standard errors)	P-value sign	Coefficient (standard errors)	P-value sign
Model 1: Mobility
Non-caregivers^b
Other caregivers	8.686 (4.515)	NS	6.256 (2.204)	**
HIV-caregivers	6.806 (3.948)	NS	8.407 (2.661)	**
Constant	−25.986 (10.861)		−19.987 (6.446)
R ^2	11.4		11.8
Model 2: Cognition
Non-caregivers^b
Other caregivers	0.971 (3.013)	NS	2.165 (1.632)	NS
HIV-caregivers	−1.028 (2.634)	NS	3.102 (1.971)	NS
Constant	−7.655 (7.248)		0.885 (4.774)
R ^2	8.7		4.2
Model 3: Self-care
Non-caregivers^b
Other caregivers	2.234 (2.523)	NS	−0.019 (1.007)	NS
HIV-caregivers	−0.415 (2.191)	NS	1.025 (1.229)	NS
Constant	−2.848 (5.995)		−4.200 (2.925)
R ^2	6.1		4.3
Model 4: Interpersonal interaction
Non-caregivers^b
Other caregivers	0.917 (2.762)	NS	−0.490 (1.439)	NS
HIV-caregivers	3.326 (2.415)	NS	4.056 (1.738)	*
Constant	−6.305 (6.645)		−12.911 (4.210)
R ^2	9		7.7
Model 5: Life activities
Non-caregivers^b
Other caregivers	9.094 (4.423)	*	−0.861 (2.278)	NS
HIV-caregivers	2.232 (3.867)	NS	9.773 (2.751)	***
Constant	−22.357 (10.640)		−12.879 (6.665)
R ^2	8.4		9.4
Model 6: Participation in society
Non-caregivers^b
Other caregivers	1.166 (4.368)	NS	−3.459 (2.113)	NS
HIV-caregivers	0.279 (3.820)	NS	−1.366 (2.551)	NS
Constant	−6.996 (10.508)		−6.056 (6.181)
R ^2	6.9		2.2
Model 7: Overall disability score
Non-caregivers^b
Other caregivers	3.834 (2.437)	NS	1.471 (1.203)	NS
HIV-caregivers	2.221 (2.131)	NS	4.680 (1.453)	**
Constant	−12.196 (5.862)		−9.542 (3.520)
R ^2	16.5		13.6
Note: Significance levels *** < 0.001; ** < 0.01; * < 0.05.
NS, not significant. Source: Authors analysis of Survey on Social, Health and Overall Wellbeing of Older People data, 2006/2007.
^aAge, education level, per capita income and wealth status added as control variables.
^bNon-caregivers taken as the reference category.

Table 4. Logistic regression models on reporting a severe health problem for women and men.^a

	Women			Men
	OR	CI		OR	CI
Non-caregivers^b	1.000			1.000
Other caregivers	0.748	(0.29–1.88)	NS	3.512	(1.87–6.58)	***
HIV-caregivers	1.885	(0.81–4.39)	NS	7.983	(2.95–21.53)	***
Model χ ^2	32.4			60.0
Degrees of freedom	7			7
Log likelihood	−328.5			−565.3
R ^2	7.1			5.8
Note: Significance levels *** < 0.001; ** < 0.05.
NS, not significant. Source: Authors analysis of Survey on Social, Health and Overall Wellbeing of Older People data 2006/2007.
^aAge, education level, per capita income and wealth status added as control variables.^bNon-caregivers taken as the reference category.