Resilience in perinatal HIV+ adolescents in South Africa

Figures & data

Figure 1. Modified SAT.

Table 1. Demographic characteristics.

Pilot sample (N = 66)^a			VUKA sample (N = 111)^a			P*
HIV+ adolescents			HIV+ adolescents
Gender	N	%	Gender	N	%	.71
Male	33	51	Male	48	47
Female	32	49	Female	55	53
Age mean ± SD	11.57 ± 1.16		Age mean ± SD	11.75 ± 1.57		.40
Caregiver characteristics			Caregiver characteristics
Live in own place			Live in own place			.18
Yes	38	59	Yes	49	47
No	27	41	No	56	53
Receiving a grant for child			Receiving a grant for child			.26
Yes	52	81	Yes	76	72
No	12	19	No	29	28
Household Income			Household Income			.92
At least one person has job	20	32	At least one person has job	33	32
At least one person has pension	19	30	At least one person has pension	35	34
At least one person has job +			At least one person has job +
one person has pension	21	33	one person has pension	30	29
No one has job or pension	3	5	No one has job or pension	6	6
Gone without food in past month			Gone without food in past month			.00
More than six times	11	17	More than six times	1	1
4–6 times	10	16	4–6 times	2	2
2–3 times	12	19	2–3 times	14	13
One time	5	8	One time	2	2
Never	25	40	Never	86	82
Current regular employment			Current Regular employment			.06
Yes	19	30	Yes	17	16
No	45	70	No	88	84
Education			Education			.22
Eighth grade or less	22	35	<than eighth grade	26	25
greater than eighth grade	41	65	>than eighth grade	79	75
Caregiver HIV status			Caregiver HIV status			.33
Positive	39	74	Positive	65	64
Negative	14	26	Negative	36	36

^aValid sample size for each variable varies due to missingness.

*P-value: t-test for continuous variables and Chi-squared test for categorical variables (with continuity correction for 1 degree of freedom test).

Table 2. Factors associated with total difficulties score (SDQ).

Variable	Unstandardized β		Standardized β		t-score		p-value
	Unadj.^a	Adj.^b	Unadj^a	Adj.^b	Unadj^a	Adj.^b	Unadj^a	Adj.^b
Contextual influences
Caregiver depressed	3.851	3.906	0.338	0.341	4.377	4.269	<0.001	<0.001
Social regulation
Caregiver-reported communication frequency	1.871	1.882	0.220	0.222	2.753	2.658	0.007	0.009
Caregiver-reported supervision total score	−0.198	−0.155	−0.166	−0.122	−2.058	−1.365	0.041	0.174
Self-regulation
Self-concept score (child reported)	−0.133	−0.119	−0.228	−0.205	−2.784	−2.363	0.006	0.020

^aUnadjusted results represented the findings from simple linear regression analysis in which only one independent variable was included in the model.

^bAdjusted results were obtained from multiple linear regression analysis. In each adjusted model, independent variables included one factor of interest and three potential confounders (i.e., age, gender, and study indicator) to adjust for potential confounding.

Table 3. Factors associated with Prosocial strengths score (SDQ).

Variable	Unstandardized β		Standardized β		t-score		p-value
	Unadj.^a	Adj.^b	Unadj^a	Adj.^b	Unadj^a	Adj.^b	Unadj^a	Adj.^b
Contextual factors
Receive any grants for children	0.638	0.552	0.151	0.130	1.943	1.572	0.054	0.118
Social regulation
Caregiver-reported communication frequency	0.649	0.722	0.251	0.278	3.284	3.472	0.001	0.020
Caregiver-reported communication comfort	0.437	0.417	0.165	0.155	2.105	1.867	0.037	0.064
Self-regulation
Wishful thinking coping mechanism (pilot only)	5.390	5.532	0.332	0.343	2.684	2.690	0.009	0.009

^aUnadjusted results represented the findings from simple linear regression analysis in which only one independent variable was included in the model.

^bAdjusted results were obtained from multiple linear regression analysis. In each adjusted model, independent variables included one factor of interest and three potential confounders (i.e., age, gender, and study indicator) to adjust for potential confounding.

Table 4. Factors associated with CDI score.

Variable	Unstandardized β		Standardized β		t-score		p-value
	Unadj.^a	Adj.^b	Unadj ^a	Adj.^b	Unadj ^a	Adj.^b	Unadj^a	Adj.^b
Contextual factors
Caregiver education	−0.412	−0.399	−0.204	−0.198	−2.611	−2.603	0.010	0.010
How many people share house?	0.092	0.081	0.162	0.144	2.065	1.849	0.041	0.066
In the past month, how often have you or your family gone without enough food to eat?	0.254	0.074	0.174	0.051	2.202	0.573	0.029	0.568
Social regulation
Youth-−reported supervision	−1.667	−1.261	−0.336	−0.254	−4.550	−2.554	<0.001	0.012
Youth likelihood of seeking support	−0.429	−0.453	−0.231	−0.244	−3.009	−3.177	0.003	0.002
Self-regulation
Tennessee self-concept score	−0.076	−0.067	−0.389	−0.343	−5.414	−4.624	<0.001	<0.001
Youth-reported internal stigma	0.655	0.608	0.173	0.162	2.226	2.070	0.027	0.040
Social withdrawal coping mechanism (pilot only)	1.297	1.068	0.293	0.241	2.356	1.863	0.022	0.068
Resignation coping mechanism (pilot only)	1.156	1.152	0.262	0.261	2.138	2.084	0.036	0.041

^aUnadjusted results represented the findings from simple linear regression analysis in which only one independent variable was included in the model.

^bAdjusted results were obtained from multiple linear regression analysis. In each adjusted model, independent variables included one factor of interest and three potential confounders (i.e., age, gender, and study indicator) to adjust for potential confounding.